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The adenosine–adenosine receptor system has a key role in regulating glucose homeostasis and in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this Review, the authors discuss the role of the adenosinergic system in regulating both the onset and progression of T1DM and T2DM, and the potential of manipulating this system as an approach to manage T1DM, T2DM and their associated complications.
Combination immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) that have shown promise in preclinical studies are often not effective in clinical trials, possibly because of the heterogeneity of the disease. This Review summarizes the available data about combination immunotherapies in T1DM, particularly addressing their clinical importance.
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure homeostasis via multiple mechanisms that act on a variety of organs. The development of drugs that target RAAS components is an active area of research. The authors of this Review discuss current and future therapeutic manipulation of the RAAS and its promise in improving the care of patients with hypertension.
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an orbital manifestation of Graves disease. The pathogenesis of TAO is still not well understood and effective therapies for TAO are lacking. Here, Terry Smith reviews the processes that underlie autoimmunity and inflammation in the orbit of patients with TAO, with a focus on the role of infiltrating fibrocytes expressing the TSH receptor. Therapeutic implications are also discussed.
Stromal cells and stem cells have been successfully used for bone-tissue-engineering applications in clinical trials; however, the routine use of these cells is far from being adopted into clinical practice. In this Review, Warren Grayson and colleagues discuss the scientific, technical, practical and regulatory obstacles that are preventing the widespread therapeutic use of stromal cells and stem cells to enhance skeletal repair.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important roles in many physiological and pathological processes. The authors of this Review focus on the endocrine system and discuss the involvement of lncRNAs in the development and function of various endocrine organs, as well as the associations of lncRNAs with endocrine diseases such as diabetes mellitus and endocrine cancers.
