Abstract
Approximately 1–5% of breast cancers are attributed to inherited mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 and are selectively sensitive to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In other cancer types, germline and/or somatic mutations in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 (BRCA1/BRCA2) also confer selective sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Thus, assays to detect BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient tumors have been sought. Recently, somatic substitution, insertion/deletion and rearrangement patterns, or 'mutational signatures', were associated with BRCA1/BRCA2 dysfunction. Herein we used a lasso logistic regression model to identify six distinguishing mutational signatures predictive of BRCA1/BRCA2 deficiency. A weighted model called HRDetect was developed to accurately detect BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient samples. HRDetect identifies BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient tumors with 98.7% sensitivity (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.98). Application of this model in a cohort of 560 individuals with breast cancer, of whom 22 were known to carry a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, allowed us to identify an additional 22 tumors with somatic loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 and 47 tumors with functional BRCA1/BRCA2 deficiency where no mutation was detected. We validated HRDetect on independent cohorts of breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers and demonstrated its efficacy in alternative sequencing strategies. Integrating all of the classes of mutational signatures thus reveals a larger proportion of individuals with breast cancer harboring BRCA1/BRCA2 deficiency (up to 22%) than hitherto appreciated (∼1–5%) who could have selective therapeutic sensitivity to PARP inhibition.
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Acknowledgements
This work has been performed on data that were previously published. They were generated and funded through the ICGC Breast Cancer Working group by the Breast Cancer Somatic Genetics Study (BASIS), a European research project funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2010-2014) under grant agreement number 242006; the Triple Negative project funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant reference 077012/Z/05/Z) and the HER2+ project funded by Institut National du Cancer (INCa) in France (grants 226-2009, 02-2011, 41-2012, 144-2008, 06-2012). The ICGC Asian Breast Cancer Project was funded through a grant of the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (A111218-SC01). The Oslo Breast Cancer Research Consortium (OSBREAC), Norway (http://www.osbreac.no/), contributed samples to the study. D.G. was supported by the EU-FP7-SUPPRESSTEM project. A.L.R. is partially supported by the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center SPORE in Breast Cancer (NIH/NCI 5 P50 CA168504-02). A.S. was supported by Cancer Genomics Netherlands (CGC.nl) through a grant from the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific research (NWO). C.S. is supported by a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. E.B. was funded by EMBL. A.T. acknowledges infrastructure support funding from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centres at Guy's and St Thomas' and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trusts. G.K. is supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (NRF 2015R1A2A1A10052578). S.N.-Z. is a Wellcome Beit Fellow and personally funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship (WT100183MA). Finally, we would like to acknowledge all members of the ICGC Breast Cancer Working Group and ICGC Asian Breast Cancer Project, for without the foresight of engaging in this scale of collaboration we would not have gained these insights.
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H.D., D.G. and S.N.-Z. drove the development of the intellectual concepts, performed analyses and wrote the manuscript. S. Morganella, J.S., X.Z. and M.R. contributed towards data curation and performed analyses. L.R.Y., S.B., A.M.S., P.T.S., T.A.K., J.E.E., P.N.S., S.R.L., A.V.-S., C.S., A.T., A.M.T. and S.V.L. contributed new samples and/or to experimental design of the study. S. Martin was the scientific project coordinator. K.R. provided bioinformatics support. P.J.C. provided infrastructure at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. G.K., A.B., E.B., H.G.S., M.J.v.d.V., A.-L.B.-D., J.W.M.M., A.M.T., A.L.R., A.V. and M.R.S. originally conceived the concept of the Breast Cancer Consortium that generated the data resource that has been utilized for these analyses, contributed old and new samples, and contributed comments towards the manuscript.
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H. Davies, D. Glodzik and S. Nik-Zainal are inventors on a patent application encompassing the code and intellectual principle on this algorithm. The patent has been filed with UK IPO. A.T. has been in receipt of payments from the Institute of Cancer Research Rewards to inventors scheme associated with the invention of PARP inhibitors as therapy for BRCA1- and BRCA2–mutation-associated cancers.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Figures and Text
Supplementary Figures 1–9, Supplementary Note and Supplementary Tables 10–14 (PDF 1256 kb)
Supplementary Table 1
560 Breast cancer whole genomes (XLSX 125 kb)
Supplementary Table 2
Results from learning using 22 previously known BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline null samples (XLSX 94 kb)
Supplementary Table 3
Results from HRDectect predictor trained with 77 BRCA1- and BRCA2-germline-null samples (XLSX 109 kb)
Supplementary Table 4
Details of mutations in selected genes in 560 breast cancers (XLSX 59 kb)
Supplementary Table 5
Additional breast cancer whole genomes (XLSX 43 kb)
Supplementary Table 6
560 breast cancer whole genomes down-sampled to 10X coverage (XLSX 194 kb)
Supplementary Table 7
Data representing whole exome sequencing in 560 breast cancer samples (XLSX 116 kb)
Supplementary Table 8
Ovarian and pancreatic whole genomes (XLSX 77 kb)
Supplementary Table 9
Whole genome sequencing of single FFPE breast cancer sample and 9 breast cancer samples treated with neoadjuvant anthracyclines (XLSX 21 kb)
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Davies, H., Glodzik, D., Morganella, S. et al. HRDetect is a predictor of BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiency based on mutational signatures. Nat Med 23, 517–525 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4292
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4292
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