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In addition to their role in systemic innate immunity, macrophages have important tissue-specific roles. In this Review, Jung and colleagues discuss how differentiation and tissue-specific activation of macrophages are regulated.
Gomez Perdiguero and Geissmann discuss the origin of tissue macrophages as a layered system composed of resident macrophages originating mostly from yolk-sac progenitor cells and transitory myeloid cells that originate and renew from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells.
Glass and Natoli review recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying priming and signal-dependent activation of macrophages, and discuss the impact of genetic variation on these processes.
Macrophages are essential components of mammalian tissues. In this Review, Okabe and Medzhitov discuss the emerging views of macrophage biology from evolutionary, developmental and homeostatic perspectives.
While most studies of T lymphocytes have focused on peptide-MHC-reactive T cells, many other types of T cells do not fit this paradigm. Here Godfrey et al. review the immunology of such unconventional T cells.
Billions of cells in the body die through apoptosis every day and are cleared by both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Arandjelovic and Ravichandran review how apoptotic cell clearance is critical for immune homeostasis.
Type I and III interferons share similar antiviral properties, but there are some important distinctions. Hartmann and colleagues review the specialized functions of type III interferons, including their ability to mediate antiviral functions at barrier surfaces.
Gerlic and colleagues examine the role of cell death, particularly necroptosis, in inflammation, in the context of recent insights into the roles of the key necroptosis effector molecules RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL.
An effect of host genetic variation on susceptibility to HIV-1 was identified early in the pandemic. McLaren and Carrington discuss the extent to which additional polymorphisms influence HIV-1 disease progression and how analysis of data sets may discover novel gene variants that affect the outcome of HIV-1.
Innate effector mechanisms contribute to the control of viremia and modulate the quality of the adaptive immune response to HIV-1. Altfeld and Gale discuss the concerted actions of PRR signaling, innate immune cells and innate-adaptive crosstalk that direct the outcome of HIV-1 infection.
Understanding the success and failure of the HIV-specific cellular immune response has implications for immunotherapies and vaccines for HIV-1. Migueles and Connors discuss the mechanisms that are most likely responsible for durable and potent immunologic control of HIV-1 by the cellular immune response.
HIV devotes a large portion of its coding capacity to counteracting the function of mammalian antiviral proteins. Landau and colleagues discuss the biology of mammalian restriction factors and the viral accessory proteins that counteract them.
Antibody responses to the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins can be classified into three groups. Burton and Mascola discuss how recent insight into the structure and immunology of non-neutralizing, strain-specific and broadly neutralizing antibodies guide HIV-1 vaccine design and therapeutic strategies.
IL-6 has context-dependent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and is now regarded as a prominent target for clinical intervention. Hunter and Jones discuss the effect of IL-6 on innate and adaptive immunity, and consider how the immunobiology of IL-6 may inform clinical decisions.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common dementing illness. Heneka, Golenbock and Latz review the inflammatory basis of this disease and the important role played by cells of the innate immune system.
In this Review, Ueno, Vinuesa and Banchereau discuss the similarities and differences between mouse and human follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) and discuss their role in response to vaccines and in disease pathogenesis.
