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SAMHD1 restricts the infection of dendritic cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Margottin-Goguet and colleagues show that SAMHD1 limits viral DNA synthesis by hydrolyzing intracellular dNTPs.
The γδ dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) can recognize stress-affected cells. Zal and colleagues show that at steady state, Vγ5 TCRs form immunological synapses that anchor DETC projections to the tight junctions of squamous keratinocytes.
The invariant chain CD74 is involved in the formation of major histocompatibility complex class II. Jefferies and colleagues show that it also associates with class I in the endolysomal compartment and is important in cross-presentation.
IL-35 is an immunomodulatory cytokine, but the molecular details of its effects have remained obscure. Vignali and colleagues determine the IL-35 receptor and how its signaling pathway leads to its suppressive action.
The mechanisms by which TCR signaling 'instructs' thymic lineages remain unclear. Bendelac and colleagues show that the TCR-induced transcription factor Egr2 specifies the early and late stages of differentiation into the natural killer T cell lineage.
Autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation. Kehrl and colleagues show that inflammasome activation triggers autophagosome formation, which in turn eliminates active inflammasomes.
Cycling and cell cycle–arrested pre-B cells both express pre-BCRs, but whether qualitative differences exist in downstream signaling pathways remains controversial. Singh and colleagues show that differences in expression of the adaptor BLNK underlie functional distinctions in pre-BCR signaling.
Nuocytes are innate cells with critical roles during infection with parasitic worms. McKenzie and colleagues show that nuocytes differentiate from common lymphoid progenitors and require IL-7, IL-33, Notch and RORα for development.
Production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β is crucial in host defense. Geijtenbeek and colleagues show that dectin-1 signaling in response to fungi and mycobacteria induces IL-1β maturation via a noncanonical caspase-8-dependent inflammasome.
Much is known about crystal structures of MHC class II–autoreactive TCRs. Sewell and colleagues provide the structure of an MHC class I–autoreactive TCR and provide insight into the molecular basis of its diabetogenicity.
Lipid-engorged macrophages accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques where chronic inflammation ensues. Moore and colleagues show that macrophage migration to chemokines and egress is arrested by netrin-1, which is secreted in the plaque lesions.
How signals derived from dendritic cells regulate T cell lineage fate remains unclear. Chi and colleagues identify p38α in dendritic cells as a central integrator of instructive signals for TH17 differentiation.
Noncognate CD8+ memory T cells can be rapidly activated by bacteria. Bedoui and colleagues show that this process is specifically dependent on recognition by and activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome.