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The infiltration of solid tumors by CD8+ T cells is a favorable prognostic marker. Large-scale transcriptome analysis of tumor-infiltrating T cells from mucosal tumors shows that CD8+ T cells with a CD103+ tissue-resident memory T cell phenotype might be the most desirable.
Lineage bias among early hematopoietic progenitor cells is specified by transcription-factor programming, and lineage switching reduces the quantity of cells produced.
Kroemer and colleagues discuss the mechanisms through which nutrition modulates metabolic, microbial and neuroendocrine circuitries that affect cancer development and the response to treatment.
Beyaert, Karin and colleagues discuss the key molecular mechanisms that contribute to the self-limiting nature of inflammatory signaling, with emphasis on the negative regulation of the NF-κB pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Magarian Blander and colleagues review the effects of the microbiome on innate and adaptive immunological players and how microbiota-derived bioactive molecules affect inflammation and the host response to infection, vaccination and cancer.
Netea and colleagues provide a general guide to the cellular and humoral contributors to inflammation as well as the pathways that characterize inflammation in specific organs and tissues.
Kastner and colleagues review monogenic autoinflammatory diseases and their molecular mechanisms and explore the overlap among autoinflammation, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency.
T cells undergo myriad changes after antigenic activation. Araki and colleagues show that CD8+ T cells exert dynamic control of mRNA translation during differentiation into effector and memory cells.
How glutamine metabolism orchestrates macrophage activation is unclear. Ho and colleagues show glutamine metabolism tailors the immune responses of macrophages through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming.
Cathepsin S is responsible for cleaving the invariant chain Ii for the presentation of peptides by major histocompatibility complex class II on DCs. Diamond and colleagues show that the transcription factor Blimp-1 negatively regulates expression of cathepsin S and influences selection of the TFH cell repertoire and autoantibody-producing B cells.
The size of immune-cell populations needs to be tightly regulated. Shinohara and colleagues demonstrate that intracellular and secreted osteopontin control the contraction and expansion of myeloid and lymphoid populations differently under infectious and autoimmune conditions.
Liu and colleagues show that specification of the dendritic-cell lineage occurs in parallel with specification of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages in or around the hematopoietic-stem-cell stage, starting as a lineage bias defined by transcriptional programs that correlate with the combinatorial dose of IRF8 and PU.1.
Germinal centers generate high-affinity memory B cells. Qi and colleagues identify a precursor of memory B cells in germinal centers and demonstrate that the cytokine IL-9-derived from follicular helper T cells is important for their development into full-fledged memory cells.