Browse Articles

Female Swallowtail butterflies will only lay their eggs on a small number of plants, which they choose by detecting specific chemicals on the leaf surface. Here, a gustatory receptor,PxutGr1, is identified in Papilio xuthus, which is used by the butterfly to detect synephrine when selecting a host plant.

DNA nanotubes could be used to transport nano-cargo and incorporated into nano-devices. In this study, rolling circle amplification is used to generate DNA subunits, and their thermodynamic growth results in the formation of nanotubes with a controlled diameter.

Metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes generally coexist in 'as-grown' materials. In this study, single-walled nanotubes are sorted using regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s; rational selection of polymers, solvent and temperature allows the selective dispersion of semiconducting carbon nanotubes.

The methylation of DNA and histone H3 lysine 9 in chromatin are positively correlated. This study shows that the DNA methyl transferase Dnmt3a is methylated, and a crystal structure of Dnmt3a bound to the chromodomain protein MPP8 suggests a molecular mechanism.

Leaves and tissues contain three-dimensional networks of fluidic channels, but similar artificial self-assembling systems have not yet been produced. Jamalet al. develop methods to produce three-dimensional microfluidic networks with curved geometries from the self-assembly of photopatterned polymers.

The miniaturization of optical devices is crucial for their on-chip integration with a variety of technological applications. Here, Liuet al. present an ultracompact beam splitter to control the direction of light through the generation of surface plasmon polaritons.

Parasites such as malaria elicit an immune response in their host, causing cytokine levels to increase. In this study, a parasite housekeeping gene, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, is shown to bind to host macrophages and, once inside the cells, enhance the levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

The microRNA miR-137 is enriched in the brain of mice and induces the differentiation of adult neural stem cells. Now, Sun and colleagues report that miR-137 negatively regulates proliferation of neurons in embryonic mice and that TLX and LSD1 cooperate to negatively regulate miR-137 expression, blocking premature differentiation.

In the classical model, fast neuronal signalling occurs at specialized presynaptic terminals. Now, Ratnayakaet al. show that stimulus-driven fusion and recycling of synaptic vesicles can occur at axonal sites remote from conventional synapses. These findings have implications for dynamic forms of neuron–neuron communication.

Differences in the arrangement of cells is a fundamental precursor to the establishment of different organs. In this study, network theory is applied at the level of individual cells to map patterns in cell-to-cell contacts, creating a new approach to objectively characterise epithelia.

At light levels where both rods and cones are active, their signals converge into shared downstream retinal circuitry. Using HCN1 deficient mice, this study shows that the signals from cone photoreceptors are overwhelmed when rod output is not regulated, suggesting a mechanism for how these systems interact.

Controlling the magnetic properties of nanoparticles is important to enable their widespread use in applications. Antoniaket al. combine X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to uncover the origin of these properties in order to appropriately tailor nanoparticle design.

Cross-coupling reactions are widely used for creating new carbon–carbon bonds in chemical syntheses. Using the cross-coupling concept, Wang and colleagues present an organocatalytic strategy for the direct and stereoselective α-arylation of enals that occurs under mild conditions.

Surface characterization of soft materialsin situis challenging due to the importance of non-covalent interactions. Now, a new chemical imaging method is reported that generates images of surface interactions by combining many molecular probe trajectories.

Plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials can augment the performance of photovoltaic and thermophotovoltaic cells by enhancing their absorption properties. Aydinet al. demonstrate a broadband, ultrathin plasmonic super absorber using crossed trapezoids as part of a metal–insulator–metal stack.

Peatlands are a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and make up a large soil carbon reservoir. Here, studies of the interaction between drainage and fire show that long-term carbon emissions will likely exceed rates of carbon uptake, reducing the northern peatland carbon sink.

Advanced rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have potential applications in the renewable energy and sustainable road transport fields. Junget al. have developed a lithium battery that uses pre-existing concepts but has highly competitive energy densities, life span and cycling properties.

Graphene may be used in nanoscale electronics and devices, but the ability to synthesise uniform graphene with well-controlled layer numbers is necessary for these applications. Using a Ni–Mo alloy, this study demonstrates single-layer graphene growth with 100% surface coverage and tolerance to variations in growth conditions.

Heat shock proteins bind to CD91 on antigen presenting cells, resulting in the presentation of chaperoned peptides to T cells. Here, heat shock protein binding is shown to induce phosphorylation of CD91 and stimulate the production of cytokines, thus priming various T-helper cell responses.

Erythropoietin circulates in the blood and is essential for erythropoiesis but its role in metabolic homeostasis has not been examined. Tenget al. show that when the erythropoietin receptor is only expressed in erthyroid cells, mice develop obesity and insulin resistance, suggesting that the receptor has a key role in fat mass accumulation.