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Observations of γ-rays from the Crab pulsar suggest that the energy of the pulsar wind changes from electromagnetic to kinetic over a relatively short distance close to the light cylinder of the pulsar.
Laboratory observations show how a macroscopic magnetohydrodynamic plasma instability drives a fine-scale secondary instability that is associated with magnetic reconnection.
The conserved microRNA miR-34 regulates age-associated events and long-term brain integrity in Drosophila, providing a molecular link between ageing and neurodegeneration.
Historical and contemporary data of whitefish radiations from pre-alpine European lakes and reconstruction of changes in whitefish genetic species differentiation through time show that species diversity may have evolved in response to ecological opportunity, and that eutrophication, by diminishing this opportunity, has driven extinctions through speciation reversal and demographic decline.
The (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which is produced when IDH is mutated in human tumours, is shown to stimulate the activity of the EGLN prolyl 4-hydroxylases, leading to diminished levels of HIF and enhanced human astrocyte proliferation.
Previously thought to be rare laboratory artefacts or diseases of yeast, prions are actually found in one third of 700 wild strains; the prions give their hosts beneficial traits that can be transmitted epigenetically to the next generation, and then fixed in the genome.
Cancer-associated IDH mutants that produce 2-hydroxyglutarate are shown to prevent the histone demethylation that is required for lineage-specific progenitor cells to differentiate into terminally differentiated cells.
In a mouse model and in human medulloblastoma patients, the metastases in an individual have similar genomic alterations and DNA methylation patterns, but these patterns are highly divergent from those of the primary tumour, indicating that therapies will need to be tailored to fit the molecular alterations present in the primary tumour and/or the metastases.
Mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is shown to induce DNA hypermethylation and to remodel the epigenome to resemble that of gliomas with the CpG island methylator phenotype.
Crystal structures of menin in its free form and in complexes with MLL1 or with JUND, or with an MLL1–LEDGF heterodimer, show that menin contains a deep pocket that binds short peptides of MLL1 or JUND in the same manner, but produces opposite effects on transcription.
Structural analysis reveals the iron scavenging mechanism used by Neisseria species, involving TbpA and TbpB proteins, and sheds light on how human transferrin is specifically targeted.
To determine the geometric pattern of the supercontinent cycle, a new ‘orthoversion’ model is suggested that matches the geologic evidence better than the traditional ‘introversion’ and ‘extroversion’ models, enabling the calculation of absolute palaeolongitude for the early Earth.
Electromagnetically induced transparency is achieved with hard X-rays in a two-level system, using cooperative emission from ensembles of iron-57 nuclei in a special geometry in a low-finesse cavity.
Satellite measurements of Earth’s gravity field show that the mass loss of glaciers and ice caps contributed to sea level rise by approximately 0.4 millimetres per year between 2003 and 2010.
A new family of resonators for nanoscale lasers is described that allows the size of the laser cavity to be scaled down without increasing the threshold power required to drive lasing.
This paper illustrates that immunosurveillance and immunoediting can occur in an oncogene-driven endogenous tumour model provided that the tumours carry strong neoantigens not present in the host.
Genetic interaction profiles of human lysine deacetylases are generated by RNA interference knockdown to reveal the involvement of deacetylases in many critical biological processes, including metabolism, the cell cycle and development.
Selective impairment of peripheral regulatory T-cell differentiation is found to result in spontaneous allergic TH2-type inflammation in the intestine and lungs, demonstrating the functional heterogeneity of regulatory T cells generated in the thymus and extrathymically in controlling immune mediated inflammation and disease.
