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Negative capacitance field-effect transistors have been proposed as a route to low-power electronics, but a lack of fundamental understanding limits progress.
Two-dimensional materials could first find widespread commercial application in analogue electronics, rather than as a replacement for silicon in digital devices.
Quantum computing requires time and sustained investment to deliver practical applications — a lesson the development of carbon nanotube electronics illustrates.
Compatibility with established complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) processes could be a key factor in the success of an emerging device technology.
Research in both academia and industry is required to develop new and innovative technologies — though the differing goals of the two arenas can cause conflict.