The association between second-hand smoking exposure and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk was analyzed using the JECS data. The relative risks in 4–7 days/week and ≥2 h/day of SHS exposures were 1.18 and 1.27, respectively. The PAFs due to SHS exposure and maternal smoking were 3.80% and 1.81%, respectively.

The presence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is significantly associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure over time.

High resting heart rate (RHR), particularly ≥70 bpm, was associated with the risk of cardiovascular events compared to RHR 60-69 bpm in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic retinopathy, and hyperlipidemia, but without known cardiovascular disease.