Figure 2 - Epithelial defense.
From the following article
Esophageal mucosal defense mechanisms
Roy C. Orlando
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo15
Some of the recognized epithelial defenses against acid injury are illustrated. Structural barriers to hydrogen ion (H+) diffusion include the apical cell membrane and intercellular junctional complex. Functional components include intracellular buffering by negatively charged proteins and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and H+ extrusion processes (Na+/H+ exchange and Na+-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange) for regulation of intracellular pH. Na+ = sodium ions. (Source: Modified from Orlando RC, Dobrucali AM. In: Feldman M, Orlando RC, eds. Atlas of Esophageal Diseases, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Current Medicine, 2002: 99, with permission.)
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