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  • Review Article
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Climate change impacts and adaptations of wine production

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment volume 5, pages 258–275 (2024)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Climate change is affecting grape yield, composition and wine quality. As a result, the geography of wine production is changing. In this Review, we discuss the consequences of changing temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and CO2 on global wine production and explore adaptation strategies. Current winegrowing regions are primarily located at mid-latitudes (California, USA; southern France; northern Spain and Italy; Barossa, Australia; Stellenbosch, South Africa; and Mendoza, Argentina, among others), where the climate is warm enough to allow grape ripening, but without excessive heat, and relatively dry to avoid strong disease pressure. About 90% of traditional wine regions in coastal and lowland regions of Spain, Italy, Greece and southern California could be at risk of disappearing by the end of the century because of excessive drought and more frequent heatwaves with climate change. Warmer temperatures might increase suitability for other regions (Washington State, Oregon, Tasmania, northern France) and are driving the emergence of new wine regions, like the southern United Kingdom. The degree of these changes in suitability strongly depends on the level of temperature rise. Existing producers can adapt to a certain level of warming by changing plant material (varieties and rootstocks), training systems and vineyard management. However, these adaptations might not be enough to maintain economically viable wine production in all areas. Future research should aim to assess the economic impact of climate change adaptation strategies applied at large scale.

Key points

  • Climate change modifies wine production conditions and requires adaptation from growers.

  • The suitability of current winegrowing areas is changing, and there will be winners and losers. New winegrowing regions will appear in previously unsuitable areas, including expanding into upslope regions and natural areas, raising issues for environmental preservation.

  • Higher temperatures advance phenology (major stages in the growing cycle), shifting grape ripening to a warmer part of the summer. In most winegrowing regions around the globe, grape harvests have advanced by 2–3 weeks over the past 40 years. The resulting modifications in grape composition at harvest change wine quality and style.

  • Changing plant material and cultivation techniques that retard maturity are effective adaptation strategies to higher temperatures until a certain level of warming.

  • Increased drought reduces yield and can result in sustainability losses. The use of drought-resistant plant material and the adoption of different training systems are effective adaptation strategies to deal with declining water availability. Supplementary irrigation is also an option when sustainable freshwater resources are available.

  • The emergence of new pests and diseases and the increasing occurrence of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall and possibly hail, also challenge wine production in some regions. In contrast, other areas might benefit from reduced pest and disease pressure.

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Fig. 1: Global changes in winegrowing suitability at temperature increases of 2 °C and 4 °C.
Fig. 2: Expected changes in phenology, yield and wine quality in response to increased temperatures and potential adaptations.
Fig. 3: Wine quality impairment under climate change.
Fig. 4: Drought projections for winegrowing regions under warming of 2 °C and 4 °C.
Fig. 5: Drought-tolerance adaptation mechanisms in vines.
Fig. 6: Potential positive and negative impacts of climate change on major pests and diseases in vines.

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Data availability

The suitability assessment compiled in Fig. 1 can be obtained by applying, for each region identified in Supplementary Table 1, the methodology explained in the Supplementary note and in Supplementary Tables 3, 4 and 5, for each specific reference selected in Supplementary Table 2.

The data underlying Fig. 3 are freely available, for the observed precipitations at http://gpcp.umd.edu/ and for drought projections at https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/1b91153925dd474387bb696d59adbd15.

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Acknowledgements

B.B. and S.Z. thank P. Louâpre and M. Adrian for help with Fig. 6. D.S., C.v.L., G.G. and G.S. acknowledge the financial support of the RRI ‘Tackling Global Change’ funded by the University of Bordeaux and Jas Hennessy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (EGFV), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France

    Cornelis van Leeuwen, Nathalie Ollat, Sébastien Zito & Gregory A. Gambetta

  2. Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5805, F-33600, Pessac, France

    Giovanni Sgubin & Didier Swingedouw

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTEM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

    Giovanni Sgubin

  4. Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, CNRS (UMR 6282), Dijon, France

    Benjamin Bois

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  1. Cornelis van Leeuwen
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Contributions

C.v.L. acted as lead author and designed Fig. 2. G.S. implemented an extensive literature review for Fig. 1, designed that figure and participated in writing. G.S. also wrote the methodology in the Supplementary Data section. D.S. designed Fig. 4 and participated in writing. B.B. and S.Z. designed Fig. 6 and participated in writing. N.O. participated in writing. G.G. designed Fig. 5, participated in writing and edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Cornelis van Leeuwen.

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A story map about a climate change study in the Saint-Emilion–Pomerol area (France): https://www-iuem.univ-brest.fr/wapps/letg/adviclim/BDX/EN/#

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van Leeuwen, C., Sgubin, G., Bois, B. et al. Climate change impacts and adaptations of wine production. Nat Rev Earth Environ 5, 258–275 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00521-5

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