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End-to-end design of ingestible electronics

Nature Electronics volume 7, pages 102–118 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Ingestible electronics can potentially be used to track and treat gastrointestinal diseases in real time. In the past decade, substantial improvements have been made to ingestible electronic pills at the sensor, circuit and system levels, which has improved the clinical applicability of the technology by increasing device sensitivity, lifetime and location awareness. Here we explore the development of ingestible electronics and provide a step-by-step guide for the design of ingestible capsules at the system level. We consider the anatomical and physiological characteristics of gastrointestinal organs, which set requirements and constraints on ingestible electronics in terms of size, shape, topology and the materials used for packaging. We then examine the key design components: sensors and actuators, integrated circuits, communication, power, packaging, localization and locomotion. We also consider the challenges that must be addressed to realize the full application potential of ingestible electronics.

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Fig. 1: A step-by-step design process for ingestible electronics.
Fig. 2: The anatomy and physiology of GI organs.
Fig. 3: Ingestible pills with sensing and actuation capabilities.
Fig. 4: Circuit-level block diagram of ingestibles.
Fig. 5: Powering options for ingestibles.
Fig. 6: Localization of ingestibles in the GI tract.
Fig. 7: Design guidelines.

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Acknowledgements

Y.K. acknowledges support from USC Viterbi School of Engineering.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Angsagan Abdigazy, Mohammed Arfan, Gianluca Lazzi, Constantine Sideris & Yasser Khan

  2. The Institute for Technology and Medical Systems (ITEMS), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Angsagan Abdigazy, Mohammed Arfan, Gianluca Lazzi, Constantine Sideris & Yasser Khan

  3. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Alex Abramson

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A. Abdigazy, M.A. and Y.K. conceptualized and wrote the review paper. G.L., C.S. and A. Abramson provided feedback and suggestions.

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Abdigazy, A., Arfan, M., Lazzi, G. et al. End-to-end design of ingestible electronics. Nat Electron 7, 102–118 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-024-01122-2

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