Abstract
In this study, we report the first total hemisynthesis of trans-himachalol sesquiterpene, a stereoisomer of the natural cis-himachalol isolated from Cedrus atlantica essential oils, from himachalenes mixture in five steps. Reactions conditions were optimized and structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by IR, mass spectra, 1H, and 13C NMR. The synthesized compounds were investigated for potential activities on various isolated smooth muscles and against different neurotransmitters using molecular docking. The results show that the synthesized compounds display high affinities towards the active site of the protein 7B2W and the compounds exhibit promising activities on various isolated smooth muscles and against different neurotransmitters.
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Introduction
The essential oil of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) is mainly composed of three sesquiterpenic bicyclic hydrocarbons: β, γ and α-himachalene (1), (2) and (3) respectively, together, they can make up to 70% of the oil composition. The other 30% is composed of oxygenated terpenes such as atlantones, himachalene oxide and cis-himachalol1,2.
This essential oil has been subjected to different pharmacological and phytochemical studies revealing, among others, its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-spasmodic and anti-cancer effects3,4,5.
Cis-himachalol (4) (Fig. 1) has been identified as a minor constituent of the essential oil of Atlas cedar as reported in previous studies6. It was originally isolated and characterized in 1968 by S.C. Bisarya and Sukh Dev from Cedrus deodara7. This compound is responsible for many of the essential oil pharmacological activities. It has demonstrated a significant activity as an anti-spasmodic; several pharmacological studies involving cis-himachalol on various isolated smooth muscles, including Guinea pig ileum, Rabbit jejunum and Rat uterus as well as an antagonist for different neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, histamine, and serotonin have indicated its antispasmodic activity, resembling that of papaverine8.
Main components of cedarwood essential oil.
Other studies have revealed the effectiveness of himachalol as an insecticidal against the seed beetle and the housefly9. Furthermore, at low concentrations, it has demonstrated in vitro inhibitory activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus belonging to the Aspergillus genus, known for causing severe infections in humans and birds10. Additionally, Recent published research highlighted that cis-himachalol possesses potent cytotoxic activity against several human cancers, including brain, colon, and ovarian cancer11,12. Surprisingly, albeit the pharmacological significant activities of cis-himachalol, to the best of our knowledge, a total synthesis of this natural sesquiterpene has never been reported.
Herein, as a part of our ongoing study targeting himachalenes as a starting material for the development of new functionalized sesquiterpenes of highly added value13,14,15,16,17,18,19, we report a first total synthesis of trans-himachalol (5) from himachalenes, readily and abundantly available sesquiterpenes, in five steps.
Experimental
Material
All reagents and solvents used were purchased from commercial sources and used as received without further purification (Aldrich, Acros). NMR studies were performed on a Bruker Avance 300 MHz spectrometer in CDCl3 solution, chemical shifts are given in ppm relative to external TMS and coupling constant (J) in Hz. Liquid chromatography was performed on silica gel (Merk 60, 220–440 mesh; eluent: hexane/ethyl acetate). The reaction mixtures were analyzed on a Trace GC Thermo Finnigan chromatograph equipped with FID, using capillary columns BP (25 m, 0.25 mm, SGE).For MS detection, the ionization was performed on an ISQ LT single quadruple mass spectrometer in positive EI modes using a mass scan range of 50–400 Da. Infrared (IR) spectrum VERTEX 70 in the range 4000–400 cm−1region.
Preparation methods of different synthesized products
Himachalene dihydrochloride (9)
30 g (0.147 mol) of a mixture of α-, β-, and γ-himachalenes (1, 2 and 3) (obtained by a fractional distillation under reduced pressure. Temperature: 100 °C, Pressure: 0.1 mmHg) were dissolved in 60 mL of anhydrous acetic acid. Gaseous HCl was bubbled at 0 °C for 20 h. The resulting colored product was allowed to crystallize in a freezer at − 5 °C overnight. After vacuum filtration, the residue was purified by recrystallization in a toluene-hexane solvent mixture (1:5). The obtained crystals appear as fine white needles with a mass of 23.6 g (0.085 mol), corresponding to a yield of 58%.
(C15H26Cl2). mp: 118–120 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 0.78 (3H, s); 0.90 (3H, s); 1.54 (3H, s); 1.56 (3H, s). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 19.58 (CH3); 31.96 (CH3); 20.42 (CH2); 24.57 (CH2); 33.35 (CH3); 34.62 (CH3); 35.27 (C); 39.73 (2CH2); 42.87 (CH2); 43.09 (CH2); 45.12 (CH); 50.11 (CH); 71.08 (C); 75.93 (C).
Himachalene monohydrochloride (8)
1g (4.16 mmol) of himachalene dihydrochloride (9) was dissolved in 15 mL of methanol. After complete dissolution, the solution was maintained at 0 °C for 1 h. Then it was vacuum filtrated, which yielded the himachalene monohydrochloride as white crystals, appearing as fine needles, with a mass of 0.6g (2.49 mmol), corresponding to a yield of 60%.
(C15H25Cl). mp: 49 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 0.79 (3H, s); 0.88 (3H, s); 1.63 (3H, s), 4.69 et 4.71 (2H (of = CH2, s, s). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 22.23 (CH3); 24.36 (CH2); 30.04 (CH3); 31.77 (CH2); 33.06 (CH2); 34.61 (CH3); 35.79 (C); 41.49 (CH2); 42.94 (CH2); 43.04 (CH2); 43.28 (CH); 47.74 (CH); 73.02 (C); 110.29 (= CH2); 156.31 (C).
Himachalone monohydrochloride (7)
In a solution of 1 g (4.17 mmol) of himachalene monohydrochloride (8) in a solvent mixture: acetonitrile; dichloromethane; water (2: 2: 1), 0.02 g (0.069 mmol) of RuCl3, 6H2O, and 1.79 g (8.36 mmol) of NaIO4 were added, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. Periodic samples of 1 mL were extracted with ether (2 × 1 mL), the extract was then washed with distilled water, dried over MgSO4 and analyzed by chromatography (GC). This makes it possible to follow the evolution of the reaction over time. At the end of the reaction, the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with distilled water (2 × 30 mL), then dried over MgSO4, the solvent is then evaporated under reduced pressure. The product (7) was purified on silica gel chromatography, eluted with hexane and hexane/EtOAc (90:10), a dark red viscous oil was obtained, mass 1.02 g (4.22 mmol) (yield: 78%).
(C14H23OCl). IR (neat) max/cm−1 1704,26 (CO carbonyl); MS(m/z) 242.2; NMR1H (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 0.66 (3H, s); 0.88 (3H,s); 1.16 (1H (of CH), td (13.05 Hz, 2.7 Hz)); 1.39–1.5 (4H (of CH2),m) and 1H (of CH2), m); 1.57 (3H,s); 1.62 (1H (of CH2), m); 1.64–1.78 (1H (of CH2) and 1H (of CH2), m,m); 1.95 (1H (of CH2),m); 1.96 (1H (of CH2), m); 1.98 (1H (of CH), m); 2.72(1H (of CH2 td (11.4 Hz, 5.5 Hz)); 2.22 (1H (of CH2), td (10.2 Hz, 6.6 Hz)). NMR 13C (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 19.89 (CH2); 21.75 (CH3); 27.32 (CH2);29.29 (CH3); 34.34 (CH3); 35.64 (C); 39.05 (CH2); 40.55 (CH2); 41.75 (CH); 41.99 (CH2); 42.07 (CH2); 54.34 (CH); 72.14 (C); 216.75(C).
Himachalone (6)
In a 100 ml flask, we introduced 50 ml of EtOH, 4.28 g (62.1 mmol) of EtONa and 1 g (4.14 mmol) of himachalone monohydrochloride (7). The reaction mixture brought to 45 °C for 8 h. At the end of the reaction, the ethanol was evaporated and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with distilled water (2 × 20 mL), then dried over MgSO4, the solvent then was evaporated under reduced pressure. Compund (6) was purified on silica gel chromatography, eluted with hexane and hexane/EtOAc (90:10), a dark red viscous oil was obtained, mass 0.78 g (3.8 mmol) (yield: 92%).
(C14H22O). IR (neat) max/cm−1 1700,86 (CO carbonyl). MS(m/z) 206,2. NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 0.71 (3H (of CH3), s); 0.91(3H (of CH3), s); 1.21 (1H (of CH2), m); 1.45 (1H (of CH2), m); 1.52 (2H (of CH2), m); 1.62 (3H (of CH3), s); 1.65 (1H (of CH2), m); 1.70(1H (of CH2), m); 1.74(1H (of CH2), m); 1.96–2.01 (1H (of CH), 1H (of CH2) and 1H (of CH2), m, m, m); 2.15–2.26(1H (of CH2) and 1H (of CH), m, m); 5.32 (1H (of CH), d, 2.7 Hz ). NMR13C (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 18.98 (CH3); 22.11 (CH2); 23.43 (CH3); 30.61 (CH3); 31.06 (CH2); 32.22 (CH2); 36 (C); 40.12 (CH2); 43.22 (CH); 45.71 (CH2); 53.42 (CH); 118.68 (CH); 134.41 (C); 217.08(C).
Trans-himachalol (5)
A suspension of 0.4 g (16.44 mmol) of Mg in 30 ml of ether was stirred at room temperature, followed by the introduction of 0.71 g (5 mmol) of CH3I and 0.1 g (0.39 mmol) of iodine (I2). After 30 min, a solution of 1 g (4.85 mmol) of himachalone (6) diluted in 20 mL of ether was added dropwise during 30 min. After stirring for 4 h at room temperature, an NH4Cl (2 g)/H2O solution (20 ml) is added dropwise over 1 h. At the end of the reaction, the mixture was extracted with ethyl ether (2 × 20 mL) and distilled water, the organic layer was dried over MgSO4 and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The product is purified on silica gel chromatography, eluted with hexane/EtOAc (90:10) and hexane/EtOAc (70:30), a dark red viscous oil was obtained, mass 1.032 g (4.65 mmol) (yield: 96%).
(C15H26O). IR (neat) max/cm-1 3466,27 (OH alcohol); 1696 cm-1 (C-O). MS (m/z) 222,1. NMR1H (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 0.71 (3H of (CH3 (14)), s); 0.91 (3H of (CH3 (15)), s); 1.17 (3H of (CH3 (12)), s); 1.2–1,7 (9H, (4CH2 and 1CH), m); 1.71 (3H of (CH3 (13)), s); 1.75–2 (4H of (CH2, 1CH and OH), m); 5.53 (1H of (CH(8)), d, 10,4 Hz). NMR13C (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 19,18 (C(4)); 22,72 (C(15)); 23,51 (C(14)); 25,17 (C(11)); 29,29 (C(7)) 30,13 (C(1)); 30,42 (C(10)); 35,53 (C(6)); 40.01 (C(12)); 41,64 (C(13)); 44,1 (C(5)); 45,84 (C(3)); 74,53 (C(2)); 121.16 (C(9)); 139.62 (C(8)).
ADME studies
The ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) features of the Schrödinger software's QikProp module were utilized to compare the main compounds derived from himachalenes (trans-himachalol (5), himachalone (6), and himachalone monohydrochloride (7)) to a positive control (Physostigmine). The drawing tool available in the input area enables users to generate, edit, and import 2D structures. Output files can be saved using PDB files, which can be verified using any visualization software. This investigation unveils notable physicochemical characteristics, including molecular weight/size, hydrophobicity, bioavailability, permeability, and polar solubility. Lipinski's rule of five violations was applied to the most thoroughly examined compounds to demonstrate their potential20.
Molecular docking studies and analysis
The main compounds derived from himachalenes (trans-himachalol (5), himachalone (6), and himachalone monohydrochloride (7)) were synthesized for their activities on various isolated smooth muscles and against different neurotransmitters. The three-dimensional structures (3D) of these compounds, along with the ligand Physostigmine, were obtained from the PubChem database in Structure Data Format (SDF) and used as a positive control for molecular docking studies. The preparation of the compounds and protein structures involved 3D and geometric optimizations, ligand energy minimization, and energy minimization using the OPLS4 force field in Schrödinger 2021–221. Molecular docking was performed on Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase complexed with UO2 (PDBID: 7B2W) Fig. 2 with a resolution of 2.65 Å22,23. The protein structure was prepared using the Protein Preparation Wizard, considering the 3D configuration. Non-required water molecules were removed before the docking assay. Initially, a blind docking approach was used to explore potential binding sites, followed by sequential docking of each ligand to its appropriate best binding site (BBS)24. This approach allows the investigation of synergistic or antagonistic interactions between the ligands. Finally, the selected conformation was depicted in a two-dimensional diagram to illustrate the ligand's interaction with active site residues using BIOVIA Discovery Studio, 2021.
The three-dimensional structure of the protein (PDBID: 7B2W).
Results and discussion
IR, mass spectra, 1H, and 13C NMR Results
Our retrosynthetic analysis for the total synthesis of trans-himachalol (5) is shown in Scheme 1. The target compound can be synthesized from ketone (6) by Grignard reaction. Precursor (6) that can be obtained by dehydrohalogenation of himachalone monohydrochloride (7), which can, in turn, be synthesized from himachalene monohydrochloride (8) by oxidative cleavage. Compound (8) can be prepared from himachalene dihydrochloride by dehydrochlorination of compound (9). Whereas compound (9) can be obtained by hydrochlorination of himachalenes mixture (1, 2 and 3).
Retrosynthetic Analysis for the Synthesis of trans-himachalol (5).
The synthesis of trans-himachalol (5) began with the himachalenes mixture (1, 2 and 3) as the starting material, obtained by a fractional distillation under reduced pressure of the essential oil. The hydrochlorination of himachalenes was conducted as described in the literature (Scheme 2)25. Himachalene dihydrochloride (9) was obtained in 58% yield. Herein, an inversion of the stereochemistry of one of the carbons joining the two cycles of himachalene skeleton is noticed. In order to explain this inversion, we proposed the following mechanism (Scheme 3).
Synthesis of himachalene dihydrochloride.
proposed mechanism for the formation of 9 by hydrochloration of 1,2 and 3 mixture.
The addition of H+ on the himachalenes 1, 2 and 3 lead to the formation of the most stable tertiary carbocations I1, I2 and I3 respectively. It is noteworthy, that the addition of H+ on the double bond on the seven-membered ring of 1 can lead to the formation of two tertiary carbocations I1 and I1’. The carbocation I1’ is less favorable due to the carbocation planar geometry restrained by the two cycles. The addition of Cl- on carbocations lead to the formation of 9, 9a and 9b, an elimination-addition of HCl on 9a and 9b lead to their isomerization and formation of our desired product 9.
The obtained product (9) is characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR.
In the 1H NMR spectrum (Fig. 3), we observe:
1H NMR of himachalene dihydrochloride (9).
-
Four signals at 0.78 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 1.54 ppm, and 1.55 ppm corresponding to the characteristic protons of the methyl groups.
According to the analysis of the 13C NMR spectrum using APT programming (Fig. 4), it is easy to identify the distinctive peaks of the molecule, notably two peaks at 71,07 ppm and 75,93 ppm corresponding to the quaternary carbons bonded to chlorine atoms.
13C NMR of himachalene dihydrochloride (9).
The recrystallization of himachalene dihydrochloride (9) in methanol gives the himachalene monohydrochloride (8) in a 60% yield (Scheme 4).
Synthesis of himachalene monohydrochloride.
The obtained product (8) is characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR.
In the 1H NMR spectrum (Fig. 5), we observe:
1H NMR of himachalene monohydrochloride (8).
-
Three signals at 0.79 ppm, 0.87 ppm, and 1.55 ppm correspond to the protons of methyl groups.
-
Two singlet peaks at 4.69 ppm and 4.71 ppm correspond to the protons of the methylene group (=CH2).
According to the analysis of the 13C NMR spectrum using APT programming (Fig. 6), it is straightforward to identify the distinctive peaks of the molecule, notably:
-
A peak at 71.02 ppm corresponding to the quaternary carbon linked to the chlorine atom.
-
Two peaks at 110,29 ppm and 156,31 ppm corresponding, respectively, to the tertiary and quaternary carbons of the molecule's double bond.
13C NMR of himachalene monohydrochloride (8).
Compound ((8) was then converted to the ketone (7) by an oxidative cleavage reaction (Scheme 5). This reaction was performed using the RuCl3/NaIO4 system26 in Dichloromethane/Acetonitrile/Water (2/2/1) at room temperature and the desired product 7 was obtained in a good yield (78%).
Catalytic oxidative cleavage of himachalene monohydrochloride.
The obtained product (7) was purified using silica gel column chromatography eluted with hexane/ethyl acetate (90/10) and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 2D NMR (COSY and HSQC) spectroscopy.
In the 1H NMR spectrum (Fig. 7), we observe:
NMR 1H (CDCl3) of himachalone monohydrochloride (7).
• Three signals at 0.64 ppm, 0.8 ppm, and 1.55 ppm, corresponding to the characteristic methyl groups protons.
• Two signals at 2.18 ppm and 2.72 ppm, which correspond to the two protons of (CH2CO).
According to the 13C NMR spectrum using APT (Fig. 8) pulse sequence, we clearly observe fourteen peaks corresponding to fourteen carbon atoms of the molecule, notably: the appearance of the peak corresponding to the quaternary carbon of the carbonyl group at 216 ppm, and the disappearance of the secondary carbon of the methylene group from the starting material at 110.26 ppm.
NMR 13C (CDCl3) of himachalone monohydrochloride (7).
1H NMR (Fig. 7) and 2D NMR experiments utilizing COSY (Fig. 9) and HSQC (Fig. 10) pulse sequences reveal, among other observations, that the alpha proton of the ketone group, positioned at the intersection of the two cycles, is observed at 1.16 ppm as a triplet of doublets featuring coupling constants of (13.05 Hz, 2.7 Hz). This verifies the trans stereochemistry between the protons at the cycle junction. Specifically, the aforementioned proton engages in interactions with neighboring protons in the trans configuration, resulting in the manifestation of a triplet (J3 = 13.05 Hz). Moreover, it is subject to coupling with the adjacent proton in the cis configuration, resulting in a doublet (J3 = 2.7 Hz) within the spectrum.
NMR 2D COSY (CDCl3) of himachalene monohydrochloride (7).
NMR 2D HSQC (CDCl3) of himachalene monohydrochloride (7).
The IR analysis (Fig. 11) reveals a broad and intense band characteristic of the ketone functional group at 1704.26 cm-1.
IR spectrum of himachalene monohydrochloride (7).
With the desired compound (7) in hand, the next goal was the synthesis of ketone derivative (6) (Scheme 6).
Dehydrohalogenation of himachalone monohydrochloride (7).
Thus, treatment of (7) under typical dehydrochlorination conditions, in the presence of sodium ethoxide in ethanol as solvent, provided a mixture of tree ketones (6, 6’ and 6″). In order to direct the reaction towards the ketone 6, different parameters that can influence the course of the reaction have been studied such as the nature of the base, the amounts of base used, and the effect of temperature on the reaction. The obtained results are summarized in Table 1.
From entries 1 to 4, (Table 1) it appears that the nature of the base has no influence on the selectivity of the reaction since all the tested bases give almost the same results. To optimize the other reaction conditions, we chose EtONa as a base, then we studied the effect of different amounts of this base and the effect of the reaction temperature. The results show that the selectivity toward the desired product increases with increasing the amount of EtONa at 70 °C (entries 4–9, Table 1). In addition, we noticed that the temperature has an important effect on the selectivity of this reaction (entries 9–12, Table 1). From this study, we have found that the optimal reaction conditions to obtain the ketone as the major product are the use of 15 equivalents of the base at 45° C (entry 11).
The obtained product underwent purification using a silica gel column, employing an eluent composed of a hexane/ethyl acetate mixture in a ratio of 95/5. Subsequently, the purified product was characterized using spectroscopic techniques including 1H, 13C, HSQC, COSY NMR, MS, and IR.
In the 1H NMR spectrum (Fig. 12), we observe:
NMR 1H (CDCl3) of himachalone (6).
• Three signals at 0.70 ppm, 0.91 ppm, and 1.61 ppm, corresponding to the characteristic methyl groups protons.
• A signal in the form of a doublet corresponds to the proton of the double bond at 5.35 ppm with J3 = 3 Hz. This multiplicity indicates that the position of the double bond is consistent with the structure of product (6).
According to the 13C NMR spectrum using APT (Fig. 13) pulse sequence, we clearly observe the fourteen characteristic peaks of the molecule, notably: the appearance of the peak corresponding to the quaternary carbon and the tertiary carbon of the carbon–carbon double bond at 135 ppm and 110 ppm, respectively.
NMR 13C (CDCl3) of himachalone (6).
The results obtained from 2D NMR experiments using COSY pulse sequences (Fig. 14) and HSQC (Fig. 15) have enabled us to correlate the positions of protons with their corresponding carbons. Specifically, these experiments have unveiled crucial information. For instance, the proton located within the double bond was detected at a chemical shift of 5.30 ppm in the HSQC spectrum (Fig. 14), and its associated carbon was identified at 118.62 ppm in the same HSQC (Fig. 15). It is noteworthy that this proton exhibits interaction with another proton at 1.96 ppm, as indicated in the COSY spectrum (Fig. 14). This latter proton happens to be the closest to the former and is positioned at the intersection of the two cycles.
NMR 2D COSY (CDCl3) of himachalone (6).
NMR 2D HSQC (CDCl3) of himachalone (6).
The IR analysis (Fig. 16) reveals a notably broad and intense band characteristic of the ketone functional group at 1700.86 cm−1.
IR spectrum of himachalone (6).
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) (Fig. 17) analysis below reveals that the molecular mass of himachalone is m/z = 206.2.
mass spectrum of himachalone (6).
In the last step of the synthesis of trans-himachalol, we applied the Grignard method to transform the carbonyl function of ketone (6) into tertiary alcohol by the use of CH3MgI as a Grignard reagent according to the scheme described below (Scheme 7). The reaction lead to trans-himachalol (5) in a 96% yield.
Preparation of trans-himachalol according to Grignard method.
The obtained product is purified using a silica gel column chromatography eluted with hexane/ethyl acetate (95/5) and then characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC), mass and IR spectroscopy.
In the 1H NMR spectrum (Fig. 18)., we specifically observe:
NMR 1H (CDCl3) of himachalol (5).
• Four signals at 0.71 ppm, 0.91 ppm, 1.17 ppm, and 2.75 ppm, corresponding to the characteristic methyl groups protons.
• A signal in the form of a doublet corresponds to the proton of the double bond at 5.51 ppm.
According to the 13C NMR spectrum using APT pulse sequence, we clearly observe the fourteen characteristic peaks of the molecule, notably: the appearance of the peak corresponding to the carbon of the new methyl group at 30 ppm and the disappearance of the peak of the carbonyl carbon (Fig. 19).
NMR 13C (CDCl3) of himachalol (5).
The conclusions drawn from the 2D NMR experiments using COSY pulse sequences (Fig. 20) specifically highlight that the proton located in the double bond is detected at a chemical shift of 5.35 ppm and exhibits interaction with a proton at 1.96 ppm. This latter proton is the closest to the former and is positioned at the intersection of the two cycles.
NMR 2D COSY (CDCl3) of himachalol (5).
The IR analysis (Fig. 21) specifically highlights two characteristic bands of the alcohol functional group. The first broad and intense band at 3486,27 cm−1 corresponds to the O–H bond, while the second narrow band at 1696,44 cm−1 corresponds to the C-O bond.
IR spectrum of himachalol (5).
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis below reveals that the molecular mass of himachalol is m/z = 222.1 (Fig. 22).
Mass spectrum of himachalol (5).
In silico ADME predictions
Due to its cost-effectiveness and capacity for high throughput, ADME modeling has gained popularity in pharmaceutical research for drug development. Tables 2 and 3 present the outcomes of Lipinski's rule of five and the ADME predictions from Qikprop for the primary compounds derived from himachalenes and the positive control. The analysis revealed that all the studied compounds, including molecular weight (under 500 g/mol), hydrogen bond donors (not exceeding 5), hydrogen bond acceptors (not exceeding 10), and the anticipated octanol/water partition coefficient (less than 5), were accurately predicted to adhere to Lipinski's rule of five without any violation.
All compounds derived from himachalenes, including trans-himachalol (5), himachalone (6), and himachalone monohydrochloride (7), were thoroughly examined. Their values were found to fall within the range stipulated in the Schrödinger's Qikprop manual for investigating surface components, which include SASA, FOSA, FISA, PISA and volume. Moreover, the qualitative human oral absorption was predicted to be high for all compounds, with QPPCaco (donner le nom complet avant d’utiliser l’abbréviation) values exceeding 500 nm/sec, indicating excellent permeability. Additionally, the QPlogBB value fell within an acceptable range between -3.0 and + 1.2. Regarding the Volume, all compounds, exhibited values within the favorable range of 500–2000. In summary, the main compounds derived from himachalenes displayed favorable values in accordance with Lipinski's rule of five and predicted pharmacokinetic parameters, with no violations, demonstrating drug-like characteristics. This comprehensive analysis holds significant importance in advancing these compounds as potential pharmaceutical agents and in exploring their potential applications in the treatment of relevant medical conditions.
Molecular docking results
Molecular docking is a significant technique in silico drug design and detection procedures, allowing the assessment of the interaction between a molecule and a receptor through binding affinity score27,28,29. In this study, we investigated potential compounds synthesized from himachalenes (trans-himachalol (5), himachalone (6), and himachalone monohydrochloride (7)) using molecular docking, and they exhibited promising activities on various isolated smooth muscles and against different neurotransmitters. The strength of the ligand-receptor interaction was evaluated using docking scores, where a more negative score indicates a higher binding affinity between the targets and ligands (Table 4)21. The results indicated that the compounds trans-himachalol (5), himachalone (6), and himachalone monohydrochloride (7) displayed high affinities towards the active site of the protein 7B2W, with estimated binding energy values of -7.137 kcal/mol, − 7.049 kcal/mol, and -6.819 kcal/mol, respectively. These values were notably better than the binding energy of Physostigmine (positive control) used in this study, which was just − 3.959 kcal/mol. Further analysis was conducted to investigate the interaction modes of the more stable selected compound, trans-himachalol (5), within the active site of the protein and to elucidate the inhibition mechanism. As shown in Fig. 23, trans-himachalol (5), which exhibited the lowest binding energy and is considered the most probable active inhibitor, interacted with surrounding residues through various interactions. It formed conventional hydrogen bonds with two amino acids, GLU199 and GLY130, as well as a Pi-sigma interaction with PHE330. Additionally, it was stabilized by two Pi-alkyl interactions with HIS440 and TRP84, and three alkyl bonds with PHE330, TRP84, and ILE444. Moreover, the residues TYR121, SER122, GLN69, ASN85, GLY123, SER124, LEU127, GLY117, TYR130, SER200, GLY441, and PHE331 were implicated in van der Waals interactions. Further experimental validations are required to assess and gain a comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic effects of these compounds, which have demonstrated promising activities on various isolated smooth muscles and have exhibited effectiveness against different neurotransmitters. The results obtained from molecular docking studies provide valuable insights, but to establish their practical applications as potential therapeutic agents, in vitro and in vivo experiments are essential. These validations will enable researchers to evaluate the compounds' interactions with their target receptors or enzymes, study their pharmacokinetic properties, and assess their safety and efficacy profiles. This thorough investigation is crucial for the development of these compounds as potential drugs and to advance their potential application in treating relevant medical conditions.
Intermolecular interactions 2D between (A) trans-himachalol (5), (B) himachalone (6), (C) himachalone monohydrochloride (7) and (D) control Physostigmine with the 7B2W protein.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a total synthesis of trans-himachalol (5), a bicyclic sesquiterpene, has been achieved in five steps starting from himachalenes. This project is part of the valorization of natural compounds derived from Moroccan resources. The regioselective hydrochlorination reaction represents the key step in obtaining the target product (6). The structure of trans-himachalol was successfully characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Molecular docking study shows that the synthesized compounds exhibit promising activities on various isolated smooth muscles and against different neurotransmitters.
Data availability
Adequate and clear descriptions of the applied materials and tools are provided in the materials and method section of the manuscript. In addition, the obtained data is justifed by mentioning the figures and tables in the manuscript.
References
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank both An-Najah National University in Nablus, Palestine and University of Cadi Ayad for reviewing all the text to correct the language mistakes and Mohammed Premier University inMorocco.
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A.F. and Y.E. did the formal analysis and helped in writing part of the manuscript. I.L. and I.A.L. made an investigation. B.H. did resources and validation. S.J. and G.H. did the writing, review, and editing. K.A. with M.M. and A.C. did software and supervision. B.B. and A.K. did NMR analysis All authors read and approved the final manuscript".
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Faris, A., Edder, Y., Louchachha, I. et al. From himachalenes to trans-himachalol: unveiling bioactivity through hemisynthesis and molecular docking analysis. Sci Rep 13, 17653 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44652-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44652-z
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