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An evidence gap map of interventions for noncommunicable diseases and risk factors among children and adolescents

Nature Medicine volume 30, pages 290–301 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Substance misuse, obesity, mental health conditions, type 1 diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases together account for 41% of disability-adjusted life years linked to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among children and adolescents worldwide. However, the evidence on risk factors and interventions for this age group is scarce. Here we searched four databases to generate an evidence gap map of existing interventions and research gaps for these risk factors and NCDs. We mapped 159 reviews with 2,611 primary studies; most (96.2%) were conducted in high-income countries, and only 100 studies (3.8%) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The efficacy of therapeutic interventions on biomarkers and adverse events for NCDs appears to be well evidenced. Interventions for mental health conditions appear to be moderately evidenced, while interventions for obesity and substance misuse appear to be moderate to very low evidenced. Priority areas for future research include evaluating digital health platforms to support primary NCD prevention and management, and evaluating the impact of policy changes on the prevalence of obesity and substance misuse. Our findings highlight the wide disparity of evidence between high-income countries and LMICs. There is an urgent need for increased, targeted financing to address the research gaps in LMICs.

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Fig. 1: Search flow diagram.
Fig. 2: Global distribution of primary studies.
Fig. 3: Distribution of studies across interventions evaluated.
Fig. 4: Aggregate map of evidence gaps.

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Data availability

All reviews included in this evidence gap map were identified via PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and Campbell Collaboration. The data analyzed in the paper were extracted from published reviews and papers and are available within the manuscript, Supplementary Information and extended data figures. The full database (including initial search results and screening) can be accessed upon reasonable request from the corresponding author, as this is contained within Covidence, EPPI-Reviewer and Excel spreadsheets (data extracted from the included reviews and primary studies). There is no restriction to the availability of the data or the timeline for availability. For inquiries regarding data access or any additional information about the data, please contact the corresponding author. Source data are provided with this paper.

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Acknowledgements

This paper represents independent research funded by the NCD Child Secretariat. NCD Child is supported through grants to the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, from the AstraZeneca Young Health Programme and Friends of Cancer Patients (Z.A.B., L.L.-W.). The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, also provides in-kind contributions to support the NCD Child Secretariat. We would also like to acknowledge A. R. Rahman from the Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University Hospital, for his assistance with the graphs and maps for the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Rehana A. Salam

  2. Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

    Maryam Hameed Khan, Syed Saqlain Ali Meerza & Jai K. Das

  3. Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Laura Lewis-Watts & Zulfiqar A. Bhutta

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Contributions

Z.A.B. conceptualized the study, assembled the writing team and assigned tasks. R.A.S. and J.K.D. oversaw the methods and training for study identification and data extraction. Screening and coding of studies were carried out by M.H.K., S.S.A. and R.A.S. L.L.-W. gave technical support and conceptual advice. All the authors contributed to the drafting of the paper, maps and figures. The paper was reviewed by all authors, with further editing and revision support.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zulfiqar A. Bhutta.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature Medicine thanks Christian Loret de Mola and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Jennifer Sargent, in collaboration with the Nature Medicine team.

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Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Publications over Time.

Graph depicting number of publications overtime showing that the majority of included studies were published from 2010 to 2020 with a noticeable increase in publications overtime.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Delivery platforms.

Graph depicting various delivery platforms utilized in the included studies to deliver interventions for risk factors and non-communicable diseases.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Outcomes evaluated.

Graph showing distribution of the included studies across broad categories of outcomes reported.

Extended Data Fig. 4 Evidence summary for obesity.

Figure summarizing the existing evidence on interventions for obesity.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Evidence summary for substance abuse.

Figure summarizing the existing evidence on interventions for substance abuse.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Evidence summary for diabetes.

Figure summarizing the existing evidence on interventions for diabetes.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Evidence summary for mental health conditions.

Figure summarizing the existing evidence on interventions for mental health conditions.

Extended Data Fig. 8 Evidence summary for cardiovascular diseases.

Figure summarizing the existing evidence on interventions for cardiovascular diseases.

Extended Data Fig. 9 Evidence summary for cancers.

Figure summarizing the existing evidence on interventions for cancers.

Extended Data Fig. 10 Evidence summary for chronic respiratory diseases.

Figure summarizing the existing evidence on interventions for chronic respiratory diseases.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Tables 1–9 and Supplementary Appendix.

Reporting Summary

Source data

Source Data Fig. 2

Statistical source data for the global map depicting the distribution of primary studies.

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Salam, R.A., Khan, M.H., Meerza, S.S.A. et al. An evidence gap map of interventions for noncommunicable diseases and risk factors among children and adolescents. Nat Med 30, 290–301 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02737-2

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