Abstract
A wide range of metals exhibit anomalous electrical and thermodynamic properties when tuned to a quantum critical point (QCP), although the origins of such strange metals have posed a long-standing mystery. The frequent association of strange metals with unconventional superconductivity and antiferromagnetic QCPs1,2,3,4 has led to the belief that they are highly entangled quantum states5. By contrast, ferromagnets are regarded as an unlikely setting for strange metals, because they are weakly entangled and their QCPs are often interrupted by competing phases or first-order phase transitions6,7,8. Here we provide evidence that the pure ferromagnetic Kondo lattice9,10 CeRh6Ge4 becomes a strange metal at a pressure-induced QCP. Measurements of the specific heat and resistivity under pressure demonstrate that the ferromagnetic transition is continuously suppressed to zero temperature, revealing a strange-metal behaviour around the QCP. We argue that strong magnetic anisotropy has a key role in this process, injecting entanglement in the form of triplet resonating valence bonds into the ordered ferromagnet. We show that a singular transformation in the patterns of the entanglement between local moments and conduction electrons, from triplet resonating valence bonds to Kondo-entangled singlet pairs at the QCP, causes a jump in the Fermi surface volume—a key driver of strange-metallic behaviour. Our results open up a direction for research into ferromagnetic quantum criticality and establish an alternative setting for the strange-metal phenomenon. Most importantly, strange-metal behaviour at a ferromagnetic QCP suggests that quantum entanglement—not the destruction of antiferromagnetism—is the common driver of the varied behaviours of strange metals.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$29.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Rent or buy this article
Prices vary by article type
from$1.95
to$39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the data supporting the findings are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
References
Gegenwart, P., Si, Q. & Steglich, F. Quantum criticality in heavy-fermion metals. Nat. Phys. 4, 186–197 (2008).
Daou, R. et al. Linear temperature dependence of resistivity and change in the Fermi surface at the pseudogap critical point of a high-T c superconductor. Nat. Phys. 5, 31–34 (2008).
Legros, A. et al. Universal T-linear resistivity and Planckian dissipation in overdoped cuprates. Nat. Phys. 15, 142–147 (2019).
Stewart, G. R. Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in d- and f-electron metals. Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 797–855 (2001).
Senthil, T., Vojta, M. & Sachdev, S. Weak magnetism and non-Fermi liquids near heavy-fermion critical points. Phys. Rev. B 69, 035111 (2004).
Belitz, D., Kirkpatrick, T. R. & Vojta, T. First-order transitions and multicritical points in weak itinerant ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4707–4710 (1999).
Brando, M., Belitz, D., Grosche, F. M. & Kirkpatrick, T. R. Metallic quantum ferromagnets. Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 025006 (2016).
Chubukov, A. V., Pépin, C. & Rech, J. Instability of the quantum critical point of itinerant ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 147003 (2004).
Vosswinkel, D., Niehaus, O., Rodewald, U. C. & Pöttgen, R. Bismuth flux growth of CeRh6Ge4 and CeRh2Ge2 single crystals. Z. Naturforsch. B 67, 1241–1247 (2012).
Matsuoka, E. et al. Ferromagnetic transition at 2.5 K in the hexagonal Kondo-lattice compound CeRh6Ge4. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 84, 073704 (2015).
Pfleiderer, C., McMullan, G. J., Julian, S. R. & Lonzarich, G. G. Magnetic quantum phase transition in MnSi under hydrostatic pressure. Phys. Rev. B 55, 8330–8338 (1997).
Süllow, S., Aronson, M. C., Rainford, B. D. & Haen, P. Doniach phase diagram, revisited: from ferromagnet to Fermi liquid in pressurized CeRu2Ge2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2963–2966 (1999).
Brando, M. et al. Logarithmic Fermi-liquid breakdown in NbFe2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 026401 (2008).
Westerkamp, T. et al. Kondo-cluster-glass state near a ferromagnetic quantum phase transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 206404 (2009).
Sachdev, S. Quantum Phase Transitions 2nd edn (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011).
Steppke, A. et al. Ferromagnetic quantum critical point in the heavy-fermion metal YbNi4(P1−xAsx)2. Science 339, 933–936 (2013).
Custers, J. et al. The break-up of heavy electrons at a quantum critical point. Nature 424, 524–527 (2003).
Schröder, A. et al. Onset of antiferromagnetism in heavy-fermion metals. Nature 407, 351–355 (2000).
Yamamoto, S. J. & Si, Q. Metallic ferromagnetism in the Kondo lattice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 15704–15707 (2010).
Smith, T. F., Mydosh, J. A. & Wohlfarth, E. P. Destruction of ferromagnetism in ZrZn2 at high pressure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 1732–1735 (1971).
Uhlarz, M., Pfleiderer, C. & Hayden, S. M. Quantum phase transitions in the itinerant ferromagnet ZrZn2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 256404 (2004).
Löhneysen, H. v. et al. Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in a heavy-fermion alloy at a magnetic instability. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3262–3265 (1994).
Trovarelli, O. et al. YbRh2Si2: pronounced non-Fermi-liquid effects above a low-lying magnetic phase transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 626–629 (2000).
Paschen, S. et al. Hall-effect evolution across a heavy-fermion quantum critical point. Nature 432, 881–885 (2004).
Shishido, H., Settai, R., Harima, H. & Ōnuki, Y. A drastic change of the Fermi surface at a critical pressure in CeRhIn5: dHvA study under pressure. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 74, 1103–1106 (2005).
Komijani, Y. & Coleman, P. Emergent critical charge fluctuations at the Kondo breakdown of heavy fermions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 217001 (2019).
Komijani, Y. & Coleman, P. Model for a ferromagnetic quantum critical point in a 1D Kondo lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 157206 (2018).
Wang, J., Chang, Y.-Y., Mou, C.-Y., Kirchner, S. & Chung, C.-H. Quantum phase transition in a two-dimensional Kondo–Heisenberg model: a Schwinger-boson large-N approach. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10411 (2019).
Saxena, S. S. et al. Superconductivity on the border of itinerant-electron ferromagnetism in UGe2. Nature 406, 587–592 (2000).
Lévy, F., Sheikin, I., Grenier, B. & Huxley, A. D. Magnetic field-induced superconductivity in the ferromagnet URhGe. Science 309, 1343–1346 (2005).
Nicklas, M. in Strongly Correlated Systems: Experimental Techniques (eds Mancini, F. & Avella, A.) 180, 173–204 (Springer, 2015).
Acknowledgements
We thank C. Krellner and M. Brando for discussions, G. Cao and Z. Wang for assisting with 3He-SQUID measurements and X. Xiao for assistance with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (grants 2017YFA0303100, 2016YFA0300202), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants U1632275, 11974306), the Science Challenge Project of China (grant number TZ2016004) and the National Science Foundation of the United States of America, grant number DMR-1830707.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
H.Y. conceived the study and led the project. The crystals were grown by Y.Z. and H.L. Measurements of the properties at ambient pressure, as well as measurements of the electrical resistivity and a.c. specific heat under pressure, were performed by B.S., Y.Z., A.W., Y.C., Z.N., R.L., X.L. and H.Y. The quasi-adiabatic specific-heat measurements under hydrostatic pressure were measured by R.B. and M.N. The experimental data were analysed by B.S., Y.Z., M.N., H.L., M.S., F.S. and H.Y. Theoretical calculations were performed by Y.K. and P.C. The manuscript was written by Y.K., M.S., F.S., P.C. and H.Y. All authors participated in discussions.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Fig. 1 Magnetic susceptibility and field-dependent magnetization.
a, Temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility (χ(T)) of CeRh6Ge4 in a field of 0.1 T applied both along the c axis and in the a–b plane, where both axes are plotted on a logarithmic scale. χ(T) is anisotropic across the whole temperature range; the a–b plane corresponds to the easy direction. b, Magnetization loops measured at 3 K and 0.44 K, above and below TC, respectively. In the FM state, the magnetization increases rapidly at low fields, reaching a value of around 0.28μB per Ce atom, which probably corresponds to the ordered moment, whereas at higher fields the magnetization increases more slowly.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Temperature-dependent resistivity at ambient pressure.
Temperature dependence of the resistivity (ρ(T)) of CeRh6Ge4 and for the non-magnetic analogue LaRh6Ge4, with the current along the c axis. The inset shows the magnetic contribution to the resistivity of CeRh6Ge4 (ρm), obtained from subtracting the data of LaRh6Ge4. This exhibits a broad maximum at around 80 K, probably as a consequence of both the crystalline electric field and Kondo effects.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Analysis of the resistivity under pressure.
a, Low-temperature ρ(T) of CeRh6Ge4 versus T2 under pressures up to 0.69 GPa. For clarity, the data at consecutive pressures are offset vertically by 0.2 μΩ cm. The low-temperature data in the magnetic state was fitted with a quadratic temperature dependence, ρ(T) = ρ0 + AT2, as shown by the solid black lines. b, The corresponding derivative dρ(T)/dT, where the position of TC was determined at each pressure from the position of the maximum, as indicated by the vertical arrows. a.u., arbitrary units. c, Low-temperature ρ(T) versus T2 of CeRh6Ge4 at pressures above the QCP; the data at consecutive pressures are offset vertically by 0.02 μΩ cm. The solid lines show the quadratic temperature dependence, indicating the occurrence of Fermi-liquid behaviour at low temperatures. d, Low-temperature enlargement of ρ(T) − ρ0 for two pressures either side of the QCP, where the data at 0.69 GPa are vertically offset by 0.02 μΩ cm. e, Resistivity as a function of temperature plotted as δρ = ρ − ρFL, for various pressures p. ρFL is the Fermi-liquid contribution to the resistivity, obtained from fitting the low-temperature ρ(T) with a quadratic temperature dependence. The deviation of δρ from zero indicates the onset of non-Fermi-liquid behaviour, and hence corresponds to TFL, as marked by the vertical arrows. f, Pressure dependence of the residual resistivity ρ0, obtained from analysing the low-temperature ρ(T) at various pressures, and where the error bars are smaller than the symbol size. This quantity reaches a maximum around the QCP.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Analysis of the heat capacity under pressure.
a, Temperature dependence of the absolute value of the heat capacity as C/T, at various pressures below pc. For pressures up to 0.72 GPa, TC can be detected, as marked by the vertical arrows. At lower pressures this is determined from the peak positions, whereas close to pc it is determined by the intersection of the solid lines indicated in the figure. b, The data for two pressures near pc, after subtracting the data taken at 0.8 GPa to remove the logarithmic contribution to C/T. In both cases, the peak position of ΔC/T is in good agreement with the value of TC obtained from a. c, Low-temperature C(T)/T for three pressures above the QCP. The strong increase with decreasing temperature corresponds to non-Fermi-liquid behaviour, whereas the flattening of C(T)/T at low temperatures corresponds to the onset of Fermi-liquid behaviour. The position of the temperature below which Fermi-liquid behaviour occurs, TFL, is highlighted by the vertical arrows, and is determined from the deviation from the near-temperature-independent behaviour marked by the dashed lines.
Extended Data Fig. 5 The a.c. heat capacity under pressure.
The a.c. heat capacity as C/T at various pressures up to 1.69 GPa. For pressures below 0.83 GPa, the position of TC is marked by the vertical arrows. The dashed lines show the construction used to determine TC near pc. At 0.83 GPa, no transition is detected down to the lowest measured temperature, 0.3 K; instead, C/T continues to increase with decreasing temperature. At 1.69 GPa, well above the QCP, C/T shows little temperature dependence. a.u., arbitrary units.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Methods: additional details about the theoretical Kondo lattice model utilized in the main manuscript. It includes four figures showing the results of calculations based on the model.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shen, B., Zhang, Y., Komijani, Y. et al. Strange-metal behaviour in a pure ferromagnetic Kondo lattice. Nature 579, 51–55 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2052-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2052-z
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.