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A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean

Nature Ecology & Evolution volume 7, pages 1515–1524 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

The Iron Age was a dynamic period in central Mediterranean history, with the expansion of Greek and Phoenician colonies and the growth of Carthage into the dominant maritime power of the Mediterranean. These events were facilitated by the ease of long-distance travel following major advances in seafaring. We know from the archaeological record that trade goods and materials were moving across great distances in unprecedented quantities, but it is unclear how these patterns correlate with human mobility. Here, to investigate population mobility and interactions directly, we sequenced the genomes of 30 ancient individuals from coastal cities around the central Mediterranean, in Tunisia, Sardinia and central Italy. We observe a meaningful contribution of autochthonous populations, as well as highly heterogeneous ancestry including many individuals with non-local ancestries from other parts of the Mediterranean region. These results highlight both the role of local populations and the extreme interconnectedness of populations in the Iron Age Mediterranean. By studying these trans-Mediterranean neighbours together, we explore the complex interplay between local continuity and mobility that shaped the Iron Age societies of the central Mediterranean.

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Fig. 1: Data overview and relevant geography and chronology.
Fig. 2: PCA of Bronze and Iron Age ancient genomes.
Fig. 3: Genetic overview of central Mediterranean populations during the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Fig. 4: qpWave analysis of Mediterranean populations.
Fig. 5: Visualization of qpWave clustering.

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Data availability

All tools and data needed to reproduce and evaluate the conclusions in this paper are presented in the main text and the Supplementary Information. Alignment files for the DNA sequences for all newly reported individual genomes are available at the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) database under project accession number PRJEB49419.

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Acknowledgements

This project was partially supported by the Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship (H.M.M.) and grants from the Stanford Archaeology Centre (H.M.M.), the Europe Center Austria Exchange Program (H.M.M.) and the Stanford Anthropology Department (H.M.M.), a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (M.A.), the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) M3108-G (S.S.), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.K.P.), a grant from the National Institutes of Health RO1 HG011432 (C.L.W.), the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (A.C., M.L., F.C., F.L.P., F.G.), the Istituto Per l’Oriente CA Nallino (A.C., M.L., F.C., F.L.P., F.G.), and a Ministro dell’Istruzione, Università e Ricerca (MIUR) project grant via the International Association for the Mediterranean and Oriental Studies (A.C., M.L., F.C., F.L.P., F.G.). We thank all members of the Pritchard and Pinhasi labs for their thoughtful and valuable feedback; P. W. Faber and the University of Chicago Genomics Facility for providing sequencing services for the ancient genomes reported here.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ron Pinhasi

    Present address: Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

  2. Hannah M. Moots

    Present address: Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

  3. Victoria Oberreiter, Brina Zagorc & Olivia Cheronet

    Present address: Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

  4. These authors contributed equally: Margaret Antonio, Susanna Sawyer, Jeffrey P. Spence, Victoria Oberreiter, Clemens L. Weiß, Michaela Lucci, Yahia Mehdi Seddik Cherifi.

  5. These authors jointly supervised this work: Ziyue Gao, Mounir Fantar, Alfredo Coppa, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Ron Pinhasi.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Hannah M. Moots

  2. Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Hannah M. Moots

  3. Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Margaret Antonio

  4. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Susanna Sawyer, Victoria Oberreiter, Yahia Mehdi Seddik Cherifi, Elisa Praxmeier, Brina Zagorc, Olivia Cheronet, Lea Demetz & Daniel Fernandes

  5. Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Susanna Sawyer

  6. Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Jeffrey P. Spence, Clemens L. Weiß & Jonathan K. Pritchard

  7. Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

    Michaela Lucci, Francesco La Pastina & Francesco Genchi

  8. Cardiolo-Oncology Research Collaborative Group (CORCG), Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University, Algiers, Algeria

    Yahia Mehdi Seddik Cherifi

  9. Molecular Pathology, University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France

    Yahia Mehdi Seddik Cherifi

  10. Department of Oriental Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Francesco Genchi

  11. Department of History and Art History, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    Kadir T. Özdoğan

  12. LBEIG, Population Genetics and Conservation Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology–Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria

    Selma Amrani

  13. Museo delle Civiltà, Italian Ministry of Culture, Rome, Italy

    Francesca Candilio

  14. Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Tarquinia, Direzione Generale Musei Lazio, Rome, Italy

    Daniela De Angelis

  15. Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Sassari e Nuoro, Sassari, Italy

    Gabriella Gasperetti

  16. CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Daniel Fernandes

  17. Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Ziyue Gao

  18. Département des Monuments et des Sites Antiques–Institut National du Patrimoine INP, Tunis, Tunisia

    Mounir Fantar

  19. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Alfredo Coppa

  20. Dipartimento di Storia Antropologia Religioni Arte Spettacolo, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

    Alfredo Coppa

  21. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Jonathan K. Pritchard

  22. Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Ron Pinhasi

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  1. Hannah M. Moots
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Contributions

R.P., J.K.P, A.C. and M.F. designed research; R.P., S.S., V.O., E.P., O.C., K.T.O., L.D., H.M.M. and D.F. performed and supervised laboratory work; A.C. and M.F. designed the collection strategy for archaeological material; M.F., A.C., M.L., F.L.P., F.G., F.C., D.D.A., G.G., H.M.M., Y.M.S.C. and S.A. assembled skeletal material and provided archaeological background; H.M.M., M.A., S.S., J.P.S., V.O., C.L.W., E.P., B.Z. and Z.G. curated and analysed data with input from J.K.P., R.P., A.C., D.F. and Y.M.S.C.; H.M.M., J.K.P., R.P., J.P.S., M.A., S.S., C.L.W., Y.M.S.C. and Z.G. wrote the paper with input from all collaborators.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jonathan K. Pritchard or Ron Pinhasi.

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Nature Ecology & Evolution thanks Rosa Fregel, Josephine Crawley Quinn and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Figs. 1–15, Discussion/Text, Table 1, and captions for Datasets 1–5.

Reporting Summary

Supplementary Data 1

Newly reported ancient individuals.

Supplementary Data 2

Ancient individual genomes used in analyses.

Supplementary Data 3

AMS dating and isotope analysis results.

Supplementary Data 4

Admixture and cladistic analysis using qpAdm and qpWave.

Supplementary Data 5

Admixture analysis using qpAdm, including Levantine source populations.

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Moots, H.M., Antonio, M., Sawyer, S. et al. A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean. Nat Ecol Evol 7, 1515–1524 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02143-4

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