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Recapitulating endocrine cell clustering in culture promotes maturation of human stem-cell-derived β cells

Nature Cell Biology volume 21, pages 263–274 (2019)Cite this article

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An Author Correction to this article was published on 26 March 2019

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Abstract

Despite advances in the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells, the generation of mature functional β cells in vitro has remained elusive. To accomplish this goal, we have developed cell culture conditions to closely mimic events occurring during pancreatic islet organogenesis and β cell maturation. In particular, we have focused on recapitulating endocrine cell clustering by isolating and reaggregating immature β-like cells to form islet-sized enriched β-clusters (eBCs). eBCs display physiological properties analogous to primary human β cells, including robust dynamic insulin secretion, increased calcium signalling in response to secretagogues, and improved mitochondrial energization. Notably, endocrine cell clustering induces metabolic maturation by driving mitochondrial oxidative respiration, a process central to stimulus–secretion coupling in mature β cells. eBCs display glucose-stimulated insulin secretion as early as three days after transplantation in mice. In summary, replicating aspects of endocrine cell clustering permits the generation of stem-cell-derived β cells that resemble their endogenous counterparts.

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Fig. 1: Generation of islet-like eBCs.
Fig. 2: eBCs exhibit functional characteristics similar to human islets in vitro.
Fig. 3: Enrichment of β cell function/maturation related genes and repression of disallowed genes in eBCs.
Fig. 4: β cells in a highly enriched endocrine niche of eBCs are distinct from immature β cells in a progenitor-rich niche.
Fig. 5: eBCs possess functionally mature mitochondria.
Fig. 6: Endocrine cell clustering improves mitochondrial morphology and increases mitochondrial numbers.
Fig. 7: eBCs are functional in vivo as early as 3 days after transplant, retain function long term and do not form tumours.

Data availability

Materials and protocols that were used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. RNA-seq data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under accession code GSE109795. Source data for Figs. 1–3 and 5–7 and Supplementary Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 6 have been provided in Supplementary Table 6. All other data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Change history

  • 26 March 2019

    In the version of this article originally published, the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) accession number listed in the data availability section was incorrectly given as GSE10979 instead of GSE109795. The sentence should read “RNA-seq data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under accession code GSE109795,” and the code should link to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE109795. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the paper.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the members of the Hebrok laboratory for advice and insightful comments during the preparation of the manuscript. G.G.N. was supported by a Kraft Family Fellowship and a JDRF postdoctoral fellowship (1-PNF-2016-320-S-B). Work in the laboratory of M.H. was supported by grants from the NIH (DK105831, DK108666). Imaging and flow cytometry experiments were supported by resources from the UCSF Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (DRC) and UCSF Flow Cytometry Core. Image acquisition was supported by the University of California, San Francisco Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (DRC) microscopy core P30 DK63720.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Holger A. Russ

    Present address: Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA

  2. Stella Tran

    Present address: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Gopika G. Nair, Jennifer S. Liu, Holger A. Russ, Stella Tran, Michael S. Saxton, Richard Chen, Charity Juang, Mei-lan Li, Simone Giacometti, Sapna Puri, Anil Bhushan & Matthias Hebrok

  2. Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Vinh Q. Nguyen & Gregory L. Szot

  3. Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Yuan Xing, Yong Wang & Jose Oberholzer

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Contributions

Conception and study design: G.G.N. and M.H. Execution of experiments: G.G.N., J.S.L., H.A.R., S.T., M.S., R.C., C.J., M.L., Y.X., Y.W., V.Q.N. and G.S. Data analysis and interpretation: G.G.N., J.S.L., H.A.R., S.T., R.C., Y.X., Y.W., S.G., A.B. and M.H. Manuscript writing: G.G.N., J.S.L., S.P. and M.H. Final approval of manuscript: G.G.N., J.S.L., H.A.R., S.T., M.S., R.C., M.L., C.J., Y.X., Y.W., S.G., S.P., V.Q.N., G.S., J.O., A.B. and M.H.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthias Hebrok.

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Competing interests

M.H. is affiliated with Semma Therapeutics (consultant, SAB member and stock holder) and Encellin Inc. (SAB member and stock holder). He holds stocks from Viacyte Inc.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Quantitative and temporal analysis of the appearance of key β cell and endocrine markers over the course of endocrine differentiation (d11-d27).

(a) Representative flow cytometry plots of cell populations co-stained with C-peptide and markers for the endocrine lineage, such as Chromogranin A, NEUROD1, NKX2.2, ISL1, and PAX6, as well as β cell-enriched markers including PDX1 and NKX6.1. Also, note the low numbers of α and δ cells that co-express C-peptide and Glucagon or Somatostatin during the differentiation process. These experiments were repeated with ten independent hPSC differentiations yielding similar results (b) Quantification of median fluorescence intensity of C-peptide+ cells of eBCs and d20 immature β-like cells from flow cytometry data. Data are presented as median ±SEM. eBC-β, n = 12 independent samples; d20 immature β-like, n = 8 independent samples ****P = <0.0001 determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction. Refer Supplementary Table 6 for source data.

Supplementary Figure 2 Immunofluorescence staining characterization of d26-28 eBCs.

Confocal images of eBCs stained for C-peptide (C-PEP) and the hallmark β cell transcription factors, PDX1 and NKX6.1 (Upper panel). Co-staining for C-peptide, NKX2.2 and SOX9 (marker for progenitors and duct cells) (middle panel) in eBCs. Co-staining for synaptophysin (endocrine), amylase (acinar) and CK19 (ducts) (lower panel) in eBCs. All panels were stained for nuclei with DAPI. Scale bar, 100 μm. Images are representative of three independent experiments yielding similar results.

Supplementary Figure 3 Functional profiling of d20 clusters, eBCs, NECs, human islets (Related to

Fig. 2). (a) AUC for the experiment in Fig. 2 (full profile), during the period of low glucose (0–9 min), high glucose (10–31 min) and during first phase of secretion with high glucose (10–15 min). Error bars represent standard error. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns = not significant determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey test for multiple comparisons versus eBCs. †P<0.05 determined by two-tailed t-test with Welch’s correction versus eBCs. Refer Supplementary Table 6 for individual p values (b) C-peptide secreted during dynamic perfusion of Non-enriched clusters (NECs) (brown) with 20mM glucose, 10nM exendin-4 and 30mM KCl in an in vitro perifusion assay with a starting basal glucose concentration of 2.8mM. n=3 independent samples. Data=Mean+/- SEM. (c) GSIS on clusters harvested following the 48-hour period of reaggregation of sorted GFP+ cells and cultured for two additional days. eBCs were either incubated in successive 2.8mM glucose KRB (2.8mM-2.8mM glucose) (n = 2 independent experiments) or in 2.8mM and then 20mM glucose condition (2.8mM-20mM glucose)(n = 3 independent experiments). eBCs are non-functional immediately post-aggregation. (d) C-peptide secreted during dynamic perfusion of eBCs with successive rounds of KRB containing alternating 2.8mM and 20mM glucose. n = 2 independent samples. (e) Average of calcium signalling traces of d20 clusters (four independent samples), eBCs (three independent samples) and human islets (three independent samples). Data are presented as Mean+/-SEM for d20 clusters and eBCs; as Mean+/-SD for human islets. eBCs rapidly increase their cytosolic calcium ion concentrations in response to glucose. (f) Bottom-left and bottom-right traces are average of traces from preparations of human islets and eBC preparations (three independent samples) with mediocre function, respectively. Note, eBCs still raise their calcium flux upon glucose stimulation unlike islets but it does not come back to basal flux upon removal of glucose. Refer Supplementary Table 6 for source data.

Supplementary Figure 4 β cell markers are enriched in eBCs compared to d20 immature β-like cells, and similarly expressed as in human islets.

(a)Schematic depicting populations (in boxes) at different stages of differentiation used for qPCR analysis of key β cell markers. d11: pancreatic progenitors (pre-endocrine induction, blue diamond), d20 sorted GFP-high cells (black triangle, n = 3 independent samples, d26-27 eBCs (green circle, n = 4 independent samples) and human islets (red square, n = 6 independent samples). Data are expressed as fold change relative to d11 cells (mean+/-SEM). Pairwise comparison between d20 GFP-high cells and eBCs. p values determined by two-tailed unpaired t-tests without or with Welch’s correction if SD was unequal. (b) QPCR data comparing expression of GCK, ABCC8, PCSK1, KCNJ11, and KCNK3 between eBCs and human islets. Data are expressed as fold-change relative to d11 cells (mean+/-SEM) eBCs, n=4 independent samples; human islets, n = 6 independent samples. P values determined by two-tailed unpaired t-tests without or with Welch’s correction if SD was unequal. Refer Supplementary Table 6 for source data (c) FPKM values from RNA-seq of eBC-β cells and human islet-β cells for genes GLIS3, PCSK2 and GLUT-1. p values and FDR corrected q values are indicated on the graphs. Cuffdiff uses a theoretic metric derived from the Jensen-Shannon divergence to calculate p values41.

Supplementary Figure 5 eBC β cells have reduced expression of disallowed genes.

Schematic depicting the isolation of INSGFP-high + cells via FACS from d20 immature clusters, d26-27 NECs, and d26-27 eBCs for RNA-seq. Note that only INSGFP-high+ cells were analysed for all d20 immature, d26-27 NECs, and eBC populations. Legend: INS-GFP+ (GFP positive insulin-producing cells, green), Panc-Prog (Pancreatic progenitors, blue cells) and Non-Panc (Non-pancreatic cells, purple cells). RNA-seq FPKM values of disallowed genes HK1, HK2, LDHA and MCT1 in d20 Immature β-like cells (Black bar), NEC-β cells (Brown bar) and eBC-β cells (Green bar). n = 2 independent samples.

Supplementary Figure 6 Mitochondrial function and structure of eBCs are better than that of NECs and d20 immature β-like cells.

(a) NECs do not display a significant rise in OCR on glucose stimulation. Mitochondrial respiration assessed by a Cell Mito Stress Test using a Seahorse XFe24 Bioanalyzer. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was first measured under basal conditions (2.8mM glucose) followed by sequential addition of either 2.8mM (blue line) or 20mM glucose (red line), 5 μM Oligomycin (Oligo), 1 μm FCCP, and 5 μm Rotenone + Antimycin A (Rot/Anti-M). SRC, Spare respiratory capacity. n = 4 independent samples. Data are expressed as mean±SEM. (b) Quenching of Rhodamine 123 is a reliable signal of inner mitochondrial membrane. To dismiss the possibility of signal decay due to photobleaching, Oligomycin and FCCP were added to the experiment. Addition of Oligomycin A, an inhibitor of ATP synthase, accelerated the decay in fluorescence and FCCP, an uncoupler of OXPHOS, collapsed the mitochondrial potential. Based on these data, we confirm that the results presented in the manuscript do not represent a photobleaching event. This experiment was conducted once as a positive control (c) MitoTracker Red CM-H2XRos specifically binds to the mitochondria. Confocal images of dispersed eBC cells stained live with MitoTracker Red CM-H2XRos followed by fixation and staining with a mitochondrial membrane marker Tomm20, insulin and DapI. Tomm20 and MitoTracker are co-localized whereas insulin granules are not. Images are representative of three independent experiments Scale bar, 30 um (d) Full resolution transmission electron microscopy images of mitochondria in immature β-like cells in d20 clusters and mature β cells of eBCs. Note well formed and densely packed cristae in eBC β cells compared to immature β-like cells (yellow arrows). Scale bar, 250 nm. Images are representative from two biologically independent samples. Refer Supplementary Table 6 for source data.

Supplementary Figure 7 ‘Per cell’ β cell function assessed by transplantation of equivalent numbers of “β cells” in eBCs, NECs and d20.

2000 eBCs (~2x10^6 cells), 4x10^6 cells each of d20 clusters or NECs were transplanted into non-diabetic NSG mice. Human islets were used as positive control. A lower dose of 500 IEQ (~2000cells/IEQ) of human islets was transplanted to approximately match the number of cells present in eBCs and accounting for one missing allele of insulin in the INSGFP/W cells. In vivo glucose challenge was performed three days following transplant. Human C-peptide levels in the serum were measured after an overnight fast (grey bar) and again 60 min after IP glucose injection (black bar).

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Nair, G.G., Liu, J.S., Russ, H.A. et al. Recapitulating endocrine cell clustering in culture promotes maturation of human stem-cell-derived β cells. Nat Cell Biol 21, 263–274 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-018-0271-4

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