arising from R. Vetter & D. Iber Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28834-3 (2022)
In the developing neural tube, pattern forms in response to opposing BMP and Shh signaling gradients1. In a recent publication, Vetter and Iber present theoretical analysis based on which they conclude that a single morphogen gradient in the neural tube is sufficient to precisely position gene expression boundaries2. Here we discuss assumptions made by Vetter and Iber that limit the conclusions they reach, and address inaccuracies in their analysis. Given these limitations and existing evidence, it seems likely that both signaling gradients contribute to the precision of pattern formation in the neural tube.
In multiple systems, morphogen gradients have been studied by measuring fluorescent reporters of signaling activity3. A common practice is to estimate the gradient imprecision by assessing the variation in fluorescent intensity (FI) between individual embryos at every position in the tissue4. The positional error σx of the gradient is approximated by multiplying the variation of morphogen levels σC by the local gradient steepness \({\left|\frac{\partial C}{\partial x}\right|}^{-1}\) at that position: \({\sigma }_{x}\approx {\left|\frac{\partial C}{\partial x}\right|}^{-1}{\sigma }_{C}\). Vetter and Iber point out that different methods for estimating the local gradient steepness can produce different results. One method, numEPM, uses the spatial derivative of mean intensity at the position of interest. Another method, fitEPM, assumes that the mean gradient is exponential. In this case, the local steepness of the gradient is given by the fitted mean intensity at a position divided by the fitted exponential decay length. A third method, DEEM, estimates the positional error as the standard deviation of positions \({x}_{\theta,i}\) that correspond to a defined concentration threshold: \({\sigma }_{x}={{{{{\rm{std}}}}}}\{{x}_{\theta,i}\}\). The DEEM method is derived from the mathematical definition of positional error and hence considered to represent the most direct measure of positional error from an ensemble of gradients.
For low FI values, numEPM and fitEPM methods are influenced by how background FI is estimated and subtracted and by how data is binned and smoothed along the axis. Thus, in the tail of a gradient, the positional error estimates generated by the two methods are inexact and may differ. Vetter and Iber claim they can determine which of the two methods is correct by testing which method gives the result closest to estimating the precision of an artificial dataset consisting of an ensemble of exponential gradients using the DEEM method. This leads them to conclude that NumEPM is correct while FitEPM overestimates the positional error. However, this conclusion depends on the assumption that gradients are perfectly exponential. The cellular response to the signal and tissue heterogeneities generate gradient shapes that deviate from an exponential curve5,6. The poor signal-to-noise ratio in the gradient tail means that the real shape of gradients in this region cannot be reliably measured. Thus, judging the two methods by comparison to an artificial idealized dataset, which may not represent the true shape of gradients, is misleading. In other words, the performance of a method on an idealized dataset does not determine whether this method will work well on real data which may differ from the idealized dataset.
More importantly, Vetter and Iber’s analysis indicates that there is in fact very good agreement between the precision estimated by the different methods during the relevant stages of neural tube development (0–15ss, corresponding to 0–30 h). An examination of their Fig. 1E shows that the two methods produce identical precision estimates for time points 0–5ss. For 10–15ss, the estimates are also very similar and diverge only in the gradient tail: DEEM and numEPM estimate 5–6 cell diameters, fitEPM 6–8 cell diameters. These positional errors occur at distances >60% tissue length from the morphogen source for GBS-GFP and >45% for pSmad1/5.
The similarity in estimates at early stages are relevant, because, as we show1, early (before 15ss) but not late stage gradients are used to establish pattern. In1, we derive a decoding map of Shh and BMP signaling using the profiles measured at 5ss (Fig. 2A and S3A therein). We validate this map with experiments that are independent of how the morphogen signaling gradients were imaged. We demonstrate that the downstream transcriptional network requires morphogen input for <30 h to generate the pattern. This reinforces previous experimental evidence, based on growth rate measurements, lineage tracing and perturbation experiments, that indicates that the temporal window for morphogen-dependent cell fate specification is during the first 30 h of mouse neural tube development7. Thus, for the time interval relevant for pattern formation, fitEPM, NumEPM and DEEM methods produce similar estimates of positional error.
Vetter and Iber also argue that imprecision of the signaling gradients is overestimated by grouping signaling profiles into bins that correspond to 10 h of developmental time. For a given bin, all signaling profiles are assumed to have the same DV length. Vetter and Iber suggest that this introduces a “scaling error”. To define it, they assume that profiles in each bin have equal amplitudes and decay lengths, but different absolute lengths. They reason that any resulting positional error is therefore the product of the differing lengths, rather than actual variability in the amplitude and decay length.
This reasoning is problematic. First, if the signaling gradient profiles are corrected in this way, so should the gene expression boundaries of Pax3 and Nkx6.11. Vetter and Iber did not do this. Instead they compare the corrected signaling gradients to the imprecision of Pax3 and Nkx6.1 as reported in Zagorski et al., that is without correction.
Furthermore, by subtracting the scaling error, Vetter and Iber assume it has an additive contribution to the overall profile variability. This excludes the possibility that variability in decay length and amplitude could dominate any scaling variability. In such a scenario, subtracting the scaling error would lead to unrealistic underestimation of the actual error (Fig. 1). Taken together, the proposed “scaling error” correction is applied inconsistently and might underestimate the actual variability.
Vetter and Iber suggest that gene expression boundaries in the neural tube are positioned by a single morphogen gradient, rather than the combined interpretation of both signaling pathways. Implicit in this idea is that cells somehow distinguish which of two independent gradients is the most precise and use that to determine their identity. This interpretation also misses a crucial point: there is experimental evidence that neural progenitors respond to combinations of signaling factors. Consistent with prior studies8, we show1 that neural progenitor identities depend on the levels of both BMP and Shh signaling.
Vetter and Iber further suggest that gradient variability can be accurately inferred from “summary statistics of exponential gradients”. This necessitates several assumptions. First, gradients are assumed to be exponential. However, diffusion and degradation often depend on feedback from morphogen signaling, which can lead to deviations from exponential shape9. Second, ligand and signaling gradients are assumed to have comparable variability and any discrepancy results from technical measurement errors. This ignores the possibility that the signal transduction mechanisms alter the noise properties of a signal10. Third, variables, such as C0 and λ, are assumed to be independent and uncorrelated. Given that both C0 and λ depend on the diffusion coefficient and degradation rate, this assumption can easily be violated. Indeed assessing the correlation between C0 and λ for measurements taken from 5–25ss embryos reveals a modest but significant correlation of R = 0.26 (Pearson correlation coefficient; p = 0.001) (Fig. 2). This is inconsistent with the assumption that C0 and λ vary independently.
In conclusion, the assumptions inherent to the work of Vetter and Iber and their decision not to take into account experimental evidence make their conclusion, that gene expression boundaries in the neural tube are accurately positioned by a single morphogen gradient, unconvincing.
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Acknowledgements
MZ is supported by National Science Center, Poland, 2021/42/E/NZ2/00188, the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, and by a grant from the Priority Research Area DigiWorld under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University. Work in JB’s lab is supported by the Francis Crick Institute, which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK, the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust (all under CC001051). Work in the AK lab is supported by ISTA, the European Research Council under Horizon Europe: grant 101044579, and Austrian Science Fund (FWF): F78 (Neural Stem Cell Modulation).
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Zagorski, M., Brandenberg, N., Lutolf, M. et al. Assessing the precision of morphogen gradients in neural tube development. Nat Commun 15, 929 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45148-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45148-8
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