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Shedding light on variation in reproductive success through studies of population genetic structure in a Southeast Pacific Coast mussel

Heredity volume 130, pages 402–413 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Phylogeography often focuses on the spatial dimension of genetic diversity, rarely including the temporal dynamics occurring interannually among local populations, which can provide insight into past variations in reproductive success. Currently, there is an intense aquaculture industry of Mytilus spp. on the Southeast Pacific Coast which depends entirely on the spat released by natural populations forming a relevant and sensitive social-ecological system. Temporal and spatial spat variability from natural mussel beds could be related to interannual reproductive dynamics with variable reproductive success and recruitment, which leave genetic signatures. Temporal and spatial genetic structure was evaluated in six natural beds in the Southeast Pacific (from 39°25’S to 43°07’S) on the most abundant and widespread Mytilus lineage detected, Mytilus cf. chilensis, in 4 consecutive years. Analyses included data from >180 individuals per year, with a total of 751 (mitochondrial COI) and 747 (nuclear H1) individuals, respectively. Overall, both markers showed high haplotype diversity and low spatial and temporal genetic differentiation. Likely, the high dispersal capacity of Mytilus cf. chilensis maintains population homogeneity and prevents diversity erosion. The slight differences in genetic variance of COI were better explained by differences among sites (space), and conversely, the H1 genetic variance was better explained by interannual (temporal) comparisons, which could explain temporal variability in spat availability. This study highlights the important insights achieved with the evaluation of both temporal and spatial population genetic structures in marine species with high reproductive output, which can condition the success and sustainability of the relevant social-ecological system.

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Fig. 1: Map of sampling sites of natural beds of Mytilus spp. in the southeast Pacific coast of Chile (northern Patagonia area).
Fig. 2: Maximum likelihood unrooted phylogram of 281 COI haplotypes of the Mytilus spp.
Fig. 3: Temporal and spatial networks of COI and H1 haplotypes in natural beds of Mytilus cf. chilensis.
Fig. 4: Temporal and spatial frequencies of COI and H1 haplotypes in natural beds in Mytilus cf. chilensis.
Fig. 5: Heatmap of a posteriori Mantel values of pairwise congruence among distance matrices (CADM) in Mytilus cf. chilensis for H1 data.

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Data availability

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession numbers are as follows: NCBI [accession: MZ773651–MZ773880 (COI) and MZ901916–MZ902024 (H1)].

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Acknowledgements

We thank Natalia Muñoz, Francisca Gálvez, Daniel Aliste, and especially Raúl Vera for their assistance with fieldwork and sample processing. We also extend our appreciation to Carolina Oliva, Raúl Vera, and in particular, Paulina Gyorgy for their help with DNA extractions and PCR. We would like to acknowledge the editor, Bastiaan Star, for their valuable suggestions, as well as four anonymous reviewers whose comments helped improve the final version of this manuscript. This study was funded by the Chilean National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development through Grants FONDECYT 1140862 and FONDECYT Iniciación 11220913, Universidad Católica del Norte, and the Millennium Science Initiative Program (Code ICN2019_015), Chile.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile

    Pilar A. Haye & Nicolás I. Segovia

  2. Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile

    Pilar A. Haye & Nicolás I. Segovia

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  1. Pilar A. Haye
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  2. Nicolás I. Segovia
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PAH conceived the idea and designed the study. PAH and NIS contributed to sample collection, laboratory work, and acquisition of data, conceived and designed the data analyses, and wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nicolás I. Segovia.

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Haye, P.A., Segovia, N.I. Shedding light on variation in reproductive success through studies of population genetic structure in a Southeast Pacific Coast mussel. Heredity 130, 402–413 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-023-00615-8

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