Abstract
An additional deposition step was added to a multi-step electron beam lithographic fabrication process to unlock the height dimension as an accessible parameter for resonators comprising unit cells of quasi-bound states in the continuum metasurfaces, which is essential for the geometric design of intrinsically chiral structures.
Circularly polarised light possesses chirality, i.e., tracing the light path reveals a structure with a mirror image that is not superimposable through rotation or translation operations1,2. This distinctiveness of the structure and its mirror image allows for the arbitrary yet specific assignment of left- or right-handedness1,2. Illuminating a chiral probe with circularly polarised light results in differential light-matter interactions depending on whether the light is left- or right-handed1,2. Manipulating the geometric design of the chiral probe can further tailor these selective light-matter interactions1,2.
One technology that can be designed to exhibit chiral optical properties is a metasurface2. Metasurfaces are engineered arrangements of subwavelength resonators that can provide tuneable systems to control the interaction of different polarisation states of light with matter2. These resonators can be made from different materials—plasmonic3, dielectric4,5,6, or a combination of both7. To address the high optical losses associated with plasmonic materials, research in metasurfaces has shifted towards all-dielectric material systems3,5.
Within this realm of dielectric metasurfaces, the phenomena of bound states in the continuum (BICs) and quasi-bound states in the continuum (qBICs) have been demonstrated7,8,9. BICs are discrete energy states trapped in a system surrounded by a continuum of energy states7,8,9. In contrast, qBICs approximate BICs but allow the release of the trapped discrete energy7,8,9. The intentional design of the resonators enables control over the release of energy in qBIC metasurfaces7,8,9. Transforming a BIC system to a qBIC system necessitates breaking the symmetry of the resonator geometry10,11,12, the resonator arrangement13, or the incidence angle of light10.
However, most qBIC metasurfaces realized by breaking the symmetry of resonator geometry are constrained to two-dimensional manipulations (Fig. 1a), a consequence of the limitations of fabrication techniques available for all-dielectric metasurfaces5,10,14,15,16. All fabrication techniques must build resonators that are smaller than the operational wavelength17. For visible wavelengths, the fabrication techniques can be categorized into lithographical methods, laser methods, or chemical methods17,18. Electron beam lithography, used for the majority of reported all-dielectric metasurfaces17, offers precision, reliability, and repeatability, but it is limited to two-dimensional elements16,17,18. This drawback hinders the manipulation of the three-dimensional geometry of resonators, which is crucial for the design of maximally chiral probes19,20. Consequently, this restricts applications in the study of chirality, including but not limited to fields of analytical chemistry10,11,12, pharmaceutics6,10, and the extraterrestrial search for life6,10,21.
In a recent publication by Kühner and Wendisch et al. in Light: Science & Applications, the research team presented an additional deposition step to a multi-step electron beam lithography fabrication process5. This novel nanofabrication methodology provided control over the heights of individual resonators within unit cells comprising all-dielectric metasurfaces5. Employing a unit cell composed of two anti-parallel rods (Fig. 1b, Top), the study introduced height disparities between the rods to convert an achiral BIC metasurface into an achiral qBIC metasurface (Fig. 1b, Middle). By tilting the rods of varying heights toward each other, the achiral qBIC metasurface was transformed into a chiral qBIC metasurface (Fig. 1b, Bottom). Continued adjustments to the height difference and angular orientation of the two rods tuned the differential interactions of the chiral qBIC metasurface when illuminated by left- or right-handed circularly polarised light. The final parameters selected yielded a 70% difference in transmittance signals between the two polarisation states of light, underscoring the potential for achieving maximum optical chirality—wherein information from one handedness of light–matter interactions cannot be obtained from the opposite handedness, i.e., a 100% difference in signals22.
This work introduced a new level of fabrication complexity, offering a previously unattainable degree of freedom for tailoring the optical response of chiral metasurfaces by unlocking the height dimension of resonators for geometric manipulation5. Further efforts to expand this freedom to the Angstrom level could pave the way for maximum chirality in response to electromagnetic waves from arbitrary angles of incidence because such small resolutions may permit the systematic study of the asymmetry of all reflection and transmission processes5,6,19,22,23,24. Nonetheless, these results hold promise for chiral nanophotonic applications in biochemical sensing25, enantiomeric separation11,12, polarisation conversion13, and chiral emission26.
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Haddadin, Z., Nguyen, A.M. & Poulikakos, L.V. Crafting chirality in three dimensions via a novel fabrication technique for bound states in the continuum metasurfaces. Light Sci Appl 13, 45 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-023-01368-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-023-01368-z