In a prospective study of 123 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, synovial tissue from anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive patients had higher numbers of CD19+ B cells as well as CD3+ and CD8+ T cells compared with tissue from ACPA-negative patients. Furthermore, ACPA-positive patients had higher numbers of lymphoid aggregates of CD19+ B cells and increased serum levels of CXC-chemokine ligand 13. Synovial tissue immunophenotype was also associated with radiographic erosions and clinical response to DMARD therapy.