Sung and colleagues have provided a rationale for noninvasive screening of atrophic gastritis with stomach-specific biomarkers. For example, plasma levels of pepsinogen I and/or the pepsinogen I:pepsinogen II ratio are always low in atrophic gastritis of the corpus and fundus. In addition, fasting levels of gastrin-17 are high in atrophic gastritis of the corpus and fundus, but low or not elevated if the gastritis is in the antrum and corpus.