Oesophageal expression of eotaxin-3, stimulated by TH2 cytokines, is thought to contribute to oesophageal eosinophilia in patients with eosinophilc oesophagitis (EE), but the effects of TH2 cytokines in GERD are not known. Cheng et al. found no significant differences in eotaxin-3 expression levels stimulated by TH2 cytokines in oesophageal squamous cells from patients with GERD or EE. Omeprazole was found to block expression of eotaxin-3, suggesting that PPIs might have eosinophil-reducing effects independent of their effects on acid reflux.