Manipulation of the neurons required for a specific behavior can be difficult, but is required for proof of causality. A clever technique now allows inactivation of only the subset of neurons that have been recently active.
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Smith, R., Aston-Jones, G. Inactivating the activated: identifying functions of specific neural networks. Nat Neurosci 12, 965–966 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn0809-965
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn0809-965