Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents a group of diseases linked by their primary site of origin, the kidney. Studies of families with a genetic predisposition to the development of kidney cancer have revealed that multiple genes are involved in the molecular pathogenesis of RCC. Germline mutations in a gene that encodes a Krebs cycle enzyme have been found to result in a distinct clinical entity referred to as hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). HLRCC is inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion. Affected individuals in HLRCC families are at risk for the development of leiomyomas of the skin and uterus as well as renal cancers. HLRCC-associated kidney tumors are often biologically aggressive. Linkage analysis has identified germline alterations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene associated with HLRCC. While the mechanisms of molecular carcinogenesis are not entirely understood, several lines of evidence derived from clinical and basic research suggest that pseudohypoxia might drive cellular transformation. The role of FH mutations in sporadic tumors seems to be limited. Nevertheless, continued investigation of HLRCC should provide further insight into the mechanisms of kidney cancer development, and could potentially identify targets for new therapeutic approaches to RCC.
Key Points
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Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is a genetic disease that predisposes individuals to the development of leiomyomas of the skin and uterus as well as kidney cancer
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Kidney cancers in patients with HLRCC are often biologically aggressive
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HLRCC is caused by germline mutations of the FH gene, which encodes the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase
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Fumarate-induced pseudohypoxia could drive tumor formation
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research.
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Sudarshan, S., Pinto, P., Neckers, L. et al. Mechanisms of Disease: hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer—a distinct form of hereditary kidney cancer. Nat Rev Urol 4, 104–110 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpuro0711
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpuro0711
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