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Conserved molecular interactions in centriole-to-centrosome conversion

Nature Cell Biology volume 18, pages 87–99 (2016)Cite this article

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Abstract

Centrioles are required to assemble centrosomes for cell division and cilia for motility and signalling. New centrioles assemble perpendicularly to pre-existing ones in G1–S and elongate throughout S and G2. Fully elongated daughter centrioles are converted into centrosomes during mitosis to be able to duplicate and organize pericentriolar material in the next cell cycle. Here we show that centriole-to-centrosome conversion requires sequential loading of Cep135, Ana1 (Cep295) and Asterless (Cep152) onto daughter centrioles during mitotic progression in both Drosophila melanogaster and human. This generates a molecular network spanning from the inner- to outermost parts of the centriole. Ana1 forms a molecular strut within the network, and its essential role can be substituted by an engineered fragment providing an alternative linkage between Asterless and Cep135. This conserved architectural framework is essential for loading Asterless or Cep152, the partner of the master regulator of centriole duplication, Plk4. Our study thus uncovers the molecular basis for centriole-to-centrosome conversion that renders daughter centrioles competent for motherhood.

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Figure 1: Sequential loading of Cep135, Ana1 and Asl during centriole-to-centrosome conversion.
Figure 2: Cep135, Ana1 and Asl are extended molecules that span from the inner to the outer centriole.
Figure 3: Ana1 provides a molecular linkage between Cep135 and Asl.
Figure 4: Cep135, Ana1 and Asl interact through adjacent regions.
Figure 5: Ana1 loads Asl to the daughter centriole for centriole-to-centrosome conversion in cultured Drosophila cells.
Figure 6: Ana1 in centriole-to-centrosome conversion in Drosophila testes.
Figure 7: Cep135–Ana1–Asl interactions enable centriole-to-centrosome conversion.
Figure 8: The mechanism for centriole-to-centrosome conversion is conserved in human cells.

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Acknowledgements

J.F., Z.L., S.S. and N.S.D. are supported by a Programme Grant to D.M.G. from Cancer Research UK. H.R. is supported by an MRC Programme Grant to D.M.G. J.F. thanks the British Academy and the Royal Society for the Newton International Fellowship and Z.L. thanks the Federation of European Biochemical Societies for the Long-Term postdoctoral Fellowship. The authors thank N. Lawrence and A. Sossick for assistance with 3D-SIM.

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Author notes

  1. Zoltan Lipinszki, Mingwei Min & Charlotte Mykura

    Present address: Present addresses: Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726-Szeged, Hungary (Z.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA (M.M.); Cell Cycle Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK (C.M.).,

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK

    Jingyan Fu, Zoltan Lipinszki, Hélène Rangone, Mingwei Min, Charlotte Mykura, Jennifer Chao-Chu, Sandra Schneider, Nikola S. Dzhindzhev & David M. Glover

  2. Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy

    Marco Gottardo, Maria Giovanna Riparbelli & Giuliano Callaini

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Contributions

J.F. designed and performed experiments; Z.L. carried out biochemical analysis; H.R. carried out studies on mutant Drosophila; M.G., M.G.R. and G.C. performed electron microscopy; M.M., C.M., J.C.-C., S.S. and N.S.D. contributed material support; J.F. and D.M.G. analysed results and wrote manuscript. Z.L. and H.R. commented on the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jingyan Fu.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 2 Wide-field images of cells presented in Fig. 1.

(a–c) Complete images of cells from which super-resolution images of centrioles have been selected for Fig. 1a (a), 1c (b) and 1e (c). DNA staining indicates different cell cycle stage. Scale bars, 5 μm.

Supplementary Figure 3 Antibody controls, RNAi efficiency and mutant fly verification.

(a) Efficiency of RNAi and specificity of antibodies. Antibodies against the C-terminal region of Drosophila Cep135, the 622-981aa segment of Ana1 (Ana1-M), full-length Asl, and the 301-901aa segment of Sas-4 were tested on Western blots of D.Mel-2 lysates either depleted for respective endogenous proteins or treated with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting GST (control). Note that all four antibodies recognize endogenous proteins that show reduction in protein levels after RNAi. UTR indicates dsRNA directed against the untranslated regions of respective mRNA, #N indicates dsRNA directed against the N-terminal part of Ana1 coding region and #C indicates C-terminally directed dsRNA. Affinity purified antibody (IgG) recognizing 1-300aa of Asl was tested by Western blotting using recombinant proteins (Asl-N, residues 1-300 and Asl-C, residues 693-994; right panel); it recognizes only the N-terminus of Asl in contrast to serum raised against the full-length protein. ∗ indicates non-specific bands. (b) Western blot analysis of testes extracts from bld10c04199/Df(3L)Brd15 mutant or OregonR (OrR) males using antibody raised against the N-terminal part of Cep135 (Cep135-1-225aa). Note that the full-length protein is depleted while a truncated fragment of Cep135 is present in bld10c04199/Df(3L)Brd15 extract. D.Mel-2 lysates depleted of GST or Cep135 were used in parallel to test the specificity of the antibody. ∗ indicates non-specific bands.

Supplementary Figure 4 Functional tests of tagged constructs.

(a–c) N- and C-terminally tagged Cep135, Ana1 and Asl are functional. D.Mel-2 cells stably expressing GFP–Cep135 or Cep135–GFP (a), GFP–Ana1 or Ana1–GFP (b), Flag–Asl or Asl–GFP (c) were depleted of endogenous Cep135, Ana1 or Asl with dsRNA directed against the UTRs. Wild type D.Mel-2 cells were used as control. Cells were immunostained to reveal Dplp and centrosome numbers were counted. Note that tagged Cep135, Ana1 and Asl are able to rescue the depletion of endogenous counterparts and support centriole duplication. n = 3 independent experiments each scoring 300 cells. Error bars indicate mean ± SD (Standard Deviation).

Supplementary Figure 5 Ana1 knockdown prevents centriole duplication.

(a,b) D.Mel-2 cells were transfected with dsRNA directed against GST (control), the N- or C-terminal part of Ana1 coding sequence (#N: 4-503bp; #C: 3509-4040bp of CDS), or the UTR for two rounds (4 days per round). Cells were fixed after each round of RNAi and immunostained to reveal Dplp and DNA. Representative images (a) and quantification (b) show rapid centrosome loss after Ana1 knockdown. 84% (#N), 90% (#C) and 52% (UTR) of cells contained less than two centrosomes after 4 days, rising to 92%, 93% and 63% respectively after two consecutive rounds of depletion. Scale bar in (a), 20 μm. (b) n = 3 independent experiments each scoring 300 cells; error bars, mean ± SD. RNAi efficiency is indicated by Western blotting in Supplementary Fig. 2a. (c,d) D.Mel-2 cells were depleted of Ana1 and subjected to electron microscopy analysis. No obvious changes were found in diameter (n = 13 and 10, respectively), length (n = 14 and 9, respectively) or 9-fold symmetry of the centrioles (c). Error bars indicate SEM (Standard Error of the Mean). NS, not significant (two-tailed student’s t-test p > 0.1). An example is shown of successful disengagement of mother and daughter centrioles in anaphase cells (c, upper right panel). Serial sections show that Ana1-depleted centrosomes are devoid of daughter centrioles (d, upper panel). Quantification of random sections of Ana1-depleted cells reveals more single centrioles than in wild type D.Mel-2 cells (d, lower panel; n = 29 centrosomes from D.Mel-2 and 23 from Ana1-depleted samples). Scale bars, 100 nm.

Supplementary Figure 6 Synthetic linkage between Cep135 and Ana1 C-terminal fragment can support centriole duplication in the absence of endogenous Ana1.

(a) GFP-Cep135 was transiently co-expressed with Ana1-C-mRFP containing GBP (GFP-binding protein) sequence or not in D.Mel-2 cells. Representative images show that GBP can mediate binding of Ana1-C-mRFP to GFP-Cep135 via its affinity to GFP. As a result in the presence of GFP-Cep135, GBP-Ana1-C-mRFP is ectopically localized to centrosome (upper panel), whereas Ana1-C-mRFP is diffuse in cytoplasm (lower panel). Scale bar, 5 μm. (b,c) D.Mel-2 cells co-expressing GFP-Cep135 (constitutively) with Ana1-C-mRFP or GBP-Ana1-C-mRFP (induced with 700 μM CuSO4 at the same time of the depletion) were depleted of endogenous Ana1 (Ana1#N dsRNA, 4 days) and immunostained to reveal Dplp. Representative images (c) show that GBP-Ana1-C-mRFP can complement the loss of endogenous Ana1 for centriole duplication, but Ana1-C-mRFP cannot. Scale bar, 20 μm.

Supplementary Figure 7 Uncropped scanned images of immunoblots, autoradiograms and stained gels.

The cropped regions are indicated by red boxes.

Supplementary Table 1 List of primers and DNA templates for making dsRNA.
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Fu, J., Lipinszki, Z., Rangone, H. et al. Conserved molecular interactions in centriole-to-centrosome conversion. Nat Cell Biol 18, 87–99 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3274

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