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Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides

Nature volume 417, pages 159–162 (2002)Cite this article

Abstract

After the evolution of oxygen-producing cyanobacteria at some time before 2.7 billion years ago1, oxygen production on Earth is thought to have depended on the availability of nutrients in the oceans, such as phosphorus (in the form of orthophosphate). In the modern oceans, a significant removal pathway for phosphorus occurs by way of its adsorption onto iron oxide deposits2,3. Such deposits were thought to be more abundant in the past when, under low sulphate conditions, the formation of large amounts of iron oxides resulted in the deposition of banded iron formations4,5. Under these circumstances, phosphorus removal by iron oxide adsorption could have been enhanced. Here we analyse the phosphorus and iron content of banded iron formations to show that ocean orthophosphate concentrations from 3.2 to 1.9 billion years ago (during the Archaean and early Proterozoic eras) were probably only ∼10–25% of present-day concentrations. We suggest therefore that low phosphorus availability should have significantly reduced rates of photosynthesis and carbon burial, thereby reducing the long-term oxygen production on the early Earth—as previously speculated4—and contributing to the low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen during the late Archaean and early Proterozoic.

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Figure 1: Element ratios in BIFs and calculated dissolved phosphate concentrations.
Figure 2: Simplified phosphate and iron cycle model of the Archaean and early Proterozoic.
Figure 3: Modelled mean ocean phosphate concentration [Pd] from equation (4).

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Hayes and T. Lenton for comments and suggestions. This work was funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (Danmarks Grundforskingsfond) and the Danish National Science Foundation (SNF).

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  1. Christian J. Bjerrum

    Present address: Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen, Denmark

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Danish Center for Earth System Science, Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark

    Christian J. Bjerrum & Donald E. Canfield

  2. Danish Center for Earth System Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Christian J. Bjerrum

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Correspondence to Donald E. Canfield.

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Bjerrum, C., Canfield, D. Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides. Nature 417, 159–162 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/417159a

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