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Translocation step size and mechanism of the RecBC DNA helicase

Nature volume 405, pages 368–372 (2000)Cite this article

Abstract

DNA helicases are ubiquitous enzymes that unwind double-stranded DNA1,2,3. They are a diverse group of proteins that move in a linear fashion along a one-dimensional polymer lattice—DNA—by using a mechanism that couples nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to both translocation and double-stranded DNA unwinding to produce separate strands of DNA. The RecBC enzyme is a processive DNA helicase that functions in homologous recombination in Escherichia coli; it unwinds up to 6,250 base pairs per binding event and hydrolyses slightly more than one ATP molecule per base pair unwound. Here we show, by using a series of gapped oligonucleotide substrates, that this enzyme translocates along only one strand of duplex DNA in the 3′ → 5′ direction. The translocating enzyme will traverse, or ‘step’ across, single-stranded DNA gaps in defined steps that are 23 (±2) nucleotides in length. This step is much larger than the amount of double-stranded DNA that can be unwound using the free energy derived from hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP, implying that translocation and DNA unwinding are separate events. We propose that the RecBC enzyme both translocates and unwinds by a quantized, two-step, inchworm-like mechanism that may have parallels for translocation by other linear motor proteins.

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Figure 1: The RecBC helicase translocates in the 3′ → 5′ direction.
Figure 2: The observed step size for the translocating RecBC enzyme is 23 (±2) nucleotides.
Figure 3: The observed step size is dependent on the length of the proximal duplex DNA region and displays a 23-nt periodicity for 3 cycles of translocation and DNA unwinding.
Figure 4: The RecBC enzyme translocates by a ‘quantum inchworm’ mechanism.

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Acknowledgements

We thank D. Anderson, R. Ando, D. Arnold, C. Barnes, R. Baskin, F. Chedin, F. Harmon, J. Kleiman, J. New, E. Seitz, and S. Shetterley for their comments. This work was supported by a grant from the NIH.

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  1. Sections of Microbiology and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, 95616, California , USA

    Piero R. Bianco & Stephen C. Kowalczykowski

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  1. Piero R. Bianco
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Correspondence to Stephen C. Kowalczykowski.

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Bianco, P., Kowalczykowski, S. Translocation step size and mechanism of the RecBC DNA helicase. Nature 405, 368–372 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35012652

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