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Glutathione S-transferases in kidney and urinary bladder tumors

Nature Reviews Urology volume 6, pages 281–289 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Exposure to potential carcinogens is an etiologic factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of enzymes that protect normal cells by catalyzing conjugation reactions of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, to glutathione. Some GST enzymes possess antioxidant activity against hydroperoxides. The most well characterized classes have been named alpha (GSTA), mu (GSTM), pi (GSTP) and theta (GSTT); each of these classes contains several different isoenzymes. Several types of allelic variation have been identified within classes, with GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null and GSTP1-Ile105/Ile105 conferring impaired catalytic activity. The effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism on susceptibility to RCC depend on exposure to specific chemicals. Individuals with the GSTM1-null genotype carry a higher risk for TCC. The roles of GSTT1 polymorphism in TCC and GSTP1 polymorphisms in both cancers are still controversial. During kidney cancerization, expression of GSTA isoenzymes tends to decrease, which promotes the pro-oxidant environment necessary for RCC growth. In the malignant phenotype of TCC of the bladder, upregulation of various GST classes occurs. Upregulation of GSTT1 and GSTP1 might have important consequences for TCC growth by providing a reduced cellular environment and inhibition of apoptotic pathways.

Key Points

  • Individuals with GSTM1-positive and GSTT1-positive genotypes are at increased risk for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) when occupationally exposed to certain toxicants

  • Individuals with the GSTM1-null genotype are at increased risk for bladder cancer, which might be potentiated by smoking and occupational hazards

  • Data on the influence of GSTT1 polymorphism on the risk for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are inconsistent

  • In the process of kidney cancerization, expression of GSTA isoenzymes is downregulated, which contributes to decreased antioxidant capacity in RCC and might enhance RCC growth

  • In the malignant phenotype of TCC of the urinary bladder, upregulation of GSTT1 and GSTP1 might provide a reduced cellular environment and inhibit apoptotic pathways, respectively.

  • GSTP1 enzyme activities are generally retained in RCC, and might influence resistance to chemotherapy; in TCC, GSTP1 should be considered as a potential therapeutic target

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Figure 1: Action of glutathione S-transferases.
Figure 2: Role of glutathione S-transferases in biotransformation reactions.
Figure 3: Targeting GSTP1 in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a potential therapeutic approach.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant (145009DJ) from the Serbian Ministry of Science and Technology.

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  1. Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Tatjana Simic, Ana Savic-Radojevic, Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac, Marija Matic & Jasmina Mimic-Oka

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Simic, T., Savic-Radojevic, A., Pljesa-Ercegovac, M. et al. Glutathione S-transferases in kidney and urinary bladder tumors. Nat Rev Urol 6, 281–289 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2009.49

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