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Virtual reality simulation as a training method for surgery has been available for more than a decade. Despite investigation into this technique, the desired widespread implementation of this training strategy has not been observed in clinical practice. This Viewpoint article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, current and future applications for virtual reality simulation in modern surgery.
Tumor angiogenesis—the formation of new tumor-associated vasculature—has been recognized as an essential event in tumor progression. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the most important factors involved in tumor angiogenesis, is overexpressed in several gastrointestinal cancers. In this Review, the authors consider antiangiogenic therapy for the treatment of colorectal, gastric, hepatocellular and pancreatic cancer. Emphasis is placed on the mechanism of action and application of the humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, but other potential antiangiogenic targets and therapies are also discussed.
Gastrointestinal hormones are known to have an important role in the regulation of appetite and energy balance in obese individuals. In this Review, the authors consider several gastrointestinal hormones that have a role in modulation of the gut–brain axis and contribute to obesity, and examine their specific effects on appetite, hunger and energy balance.
This Case Study considers a 20-year-old female with a history of Crohn's colitis, perirectal abscesses and fistulizing disease who developed painful erythematous nodules in her pretibial region. She was on no medications for her Crohn's disease because of medication side effects and intolerance. Active Crohn's disease with perianal fistula and sigmoid colitis and erythema nodosum were diagnosed and treatment with adalimumab initiated.
This Case Study describes a female with ileocolic Crohn's disease who was taking immunosuppressive therapy who presented with a 1-month history of bloody diarrhea, decreased caliber of stools, a broad indurated perianal fissure as well as a deep palmar space abscess. The patient was diagnosed with disseminated histoplasmosis. The authors of this article discuss the diagnosis and management of this patient and the importance of considering histoplasmosis in patients on immunosuppressive therapy who develop atypical symptoms.
