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Therapeutic vaccines are considered to be able to reverse the dysfunctional immune state of chronic hepatitis B and thus hold the promise for HBV cure. Martin et al. developed a novel adenovirus-based therapeutic vaccine TG1050 and demonstrated its induction of long-lasting antiviral CD8+ T-cell immunity in mouse models of HBV persistence.
A report has demonstrated that in patients with atrial fibrillation the novel oral anticoagulant, dabigatran, increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding by nearly twofold compared with warfarin. Here, the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents is placed into clinical context and key management principles are emphasized.
This Review provides an in-depth and up-to-date overview of the major achievements in the evolving field of gut rehabilitation, with special emphasis on visceral transplantation. New insights into current challenges are highlighted, including future strategies to optimize the management of gut failure and enhance the long-term therapeutic efficacy of transplantation.
For patients to take part in detection programmes and therefore reduce premature mortality due to cancer, it is vital for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes to be identified early. Implementation of high-throughput techniques and genetic profiling of all new cases of colorectal cancer has improved early identification of affected families. As cancer risk and surveillance recommendations vary depending on gene defect, this Review argues that it is advantageous to include the gene defect in disease terminology to help facilitate the appropriate clinical management.
In 2014, NAFLD was confirmed as the fastest growing aetiology for hepatocellular cancer in the USA. However, 2014 also saw progress in our understanding of the heritability and pathogenesis of NAFLD, and an important clinical trial targeting the farnesoid X receptor pathway has illustrated advances in developing a pharmacological therapy.
In 2014, pancreatic fibrosis has increasingly been recognized as a key determinant of the pathogenesis, therapy response and disease progression of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. In addition, secretin-stimulated magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography has gained increasing importance, especially in visualizing pancreatic duct abnormalities. However, the true imaging capacity has not been fully analysed.
Stress-related mucosal bleeding (SRMD) is an important issue owing to its severity, and its management in critically ill patients is especially difficult. In this Review, the latest information on the epidemiology, risk factors and management of SRMD are outlined to help guide clinicians of the most appropriate treatment strategies for patients in intensive care units.
