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Recent large-scale quantitative assessment of the proteome and transcriptome has revealed that transcript abundances only partially predict protein abundances. This article discusses ways in which such studies are informing our knowledge of protein expression regulation.
The improving functional annotation of genomes through the analysis of genome-wide data sets is revealing important characteristics of promoters. Similar classes of promoters are now emerging across diverse metazoan species, and novel features that contribute to gene regulation are being identified.
mRNA decay is a post-transcriptional means by which to modulate protein expression. This Review summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved in the regulation of the multiple mRNA decay processes that contribute to a responsive output of gene expression.
A growing understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and human health is made possible by advances in sequencing technologies and computational tools. These studies highlight how the composition and function of the microbiome varies across individuals and anatomical sites, over time, and also in disease.
MicroRNAs are key regulators of gene expression. Emerging evidence points towards a reciprocal relationship between microRNAs and their targets and for roles of non-target RNAs and proteins in this crosstalk.
A large array of viral sequences is being uncovered in eukaryotic genome sequences, revealing that almost any type of virus — not just retroviruses — can become part of host genomes. These discoveries provide new information about the origins and evolution of modern day viruses and host–virus relationships.