Abstract
Controlling magnetism with electric fields is a key challenge to develop future energy-efficient devices1,2. The present magnetic information technology is mainly based on writing processes requiring either local magnetic fields or spin torques, but it has also been demonstrated that magnetic properties can be altered on the application of electric fields2,3,4,5. This has been ascribed to changes in magnetocrystalline anisotropy caused by spin-dependent screening and modifications of the band structure6,7,8, changes in atom positions5,9,10 or differences in hybridization with an adjacent oxide layer4,11. However, the switching between states related by time reversal, for example magnetization up and down as used in the present technology, is not straightforward because the electric field does not break time-reversal symmetry. Several workarounds have been applied to toggle between bistable magnetic states with electric fields12,13, including changes of material composition as a result of electric fields14. Here we demonstrate that local electric fields can be used to switch reversibly between a magnetic skyrmion15,16 and the ferromagnetic state. These two states are topologically inequivalent, and we find that the direction of the electric field directly determines the final state. This observation establishes the possibility to combine electric-field writing with the recently envisaged skyrmion racetrack-type memories17,18.
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Acknowledgements
We thank B. Dupé, S. Heinze, A. Sonntag, and J. Hagemeister for discussions. Financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via SFB 668, from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 665095 and from the Hamburgische Stiftung für Wissenschaften, Entwicklung und Kultur Helmut und Hannelore Greve is gratefully acknowledged.
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P.-J.H. performed the measurements and prepared the figures, K.v.B. wrote the manuscript, N.R. and A.K. developed the spin model and made the STM simulations, and all authors contributed to data analysis, discussed the results and contributed to the manuscript.
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Hsu, PJ., Kubetzka, A., Finco, A. et al. Electric-field-driven switching of individual magnetic skyrmions. Nature Nanotech 12, 123–126 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.234
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.234
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