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Splenic marginal zone B cells suppress atherosclerosis in mice by dampening the proatherogenic T follicular helper response via a PDL1-dependent interaction with T follicular helper cells.
Persistence of HIV is attributed primarily to latent infection of CD4+ T cells. Honeycutt et al. report that in humanized mice lacking T cells HIV can rebound from myeloid cells after antiretroviral treatment interruption, suggesting that persistence of HIV could involve other cell types.
In contrast to previously reported findings, M2-like polarized macrophages are not a source of catecholamines and do not contribute to browning of the fat.
Thymosin α1 is used in the clinic as a treatment in viral disease and acts as an anti-inflammatory. Here it was found to also correct the misfolding of mutant CTFR and potentiate its activity, thus improving outcome in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis.
During malignant transformation, the ability of mammary epithelial cells to cope with oncogene-induced DNA damage and avoid chromosomal instability is determined by stemness-related expression of the canonical epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition transcription factor ZEB1 and its target MSRB3, a methionine sulfoxide reductase involved in antioxidant defense.
The scavenger receptor MSR1 contributes to the clearance of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by infiltrating myeloid cells in the post-stroke rodent brain. Myeloid cell MSR1 deficiency impairs clearance and exacerbates stroke-induced impairments, whereas a pharmacological intervention to boost MSR1 expression improves pathological and functional outcomes.
Activation of dectin-1-dependent signaling in macrophages through ligation by galectin 9 promotes an immunosuppressive, protumorigenic microenvironment in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA). Blocking dectin 1 ligation restores anti-tumor immunity and delays tumor growth, thus offering a novel strategy for improving the effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients with PDA.
Pei-Yong Shi and colleagues report that a deletion mutant of Zika virus is safe and effective as a live-attenuated vaccine in mice and induces sterilizing immunity. Their results encourage further testing of the candidate vaccine for possible future use in humans.
The ability of the heart to withstand pressure overload, as occurs in heart failure, depends on a multi-organ circuit, in which sympathetic activation of the kidney leads to release of the cytokine CSF2 into the circulation, stimulating cardiac-resident macrophages that protect the heart.
The cytokine oncostatin M drives intestinal inflammation in mice, and its abundance in the intestine of patients with inflammatory bowel disease predicts response to tumor necrosis factor–neutralizing therapy.
Prostate cancer is refractory to anti-CTLA-4 therapy, but the reason why is unclear. Padmanee Sharma and colleagues report that the inhibitory molecule VISTA, which negatively regulates T cells, is upregulated on macrophages in prostate tumors that have been treated with anti-CTLA-4 and may play a role in resistance to this immunotherapy.
Cold stimulation induces the synthesis and release of the lipid species 12,13-diHOME from brown adipose tissue. This ‘lipokine’ then acts on brown adipocytes to promote the uptake of fatty acids to fuel this cell type's heat production.
The intrinsic resistance of BCR-ABL-expressing chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells to treatment with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors requires growth-factor signaling through the proteins c-Fos and DUSP1. Combined inhibition of BCR-ABL, c-Fos, and DUSP1 eradicated leukemia in vivo, pointing to a new therapeutic strategy for kinase-driven leukemias.
The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR124, acting through the canonical Wnt pathway, is required for the maintenance of blood–brain barrier function in mouse models of stroke and glioblastoma.
HRDetect represents a model integrating whole-genome sequencing mutation signatures associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiency. The implementation of this predictor across different tumor types identifies a larger proportion of patients displaying ‘BRCAness’ than previously recognized; they might derive benefit from platinum and PARP-inhibitor therapies.
Antibody-based diagnosis of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is complicated by cross-reactivity with antibodies against dengue virus. Hongjie Dai and colleagues report their development of a new IgA- and IgG-based diagnostic test that detects ZIKV with high specificity.
Glucocorticoid treatment of human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells increases expression of the receptor CXCR4 by chromatin remodeling, thereby enhancing hematopoietic stem cell homing and engraftment.
Whereas cisplatin and carboplatin kill cancer cells by inducing DNA damage, another platinum derivative, oxaliplatin, induces cell death by triggering ribosome biogenesis stress.