Relax rights to human genes - p127

doi:10.1038/ni0209-127

The time has come to reassess the benefits of the present practice of patenting human genetic material.

Full Text - Relax rights to human genes | PDF (191 KB) - Relax rights to human genes

Animal models of human type 1 diabetes - pp129 - 132

Matthias von Herrath & Gerald T Nepom

doi:10.1038/ni0209-129

Type 1 diabetes is an immune-mediated disease in which pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells are damaged and destroyed. Animal models have served a prominent function in the development of the present ideas of pathogenesis and approaches to therapy. This commentary addresses the utility and limitations of these models for facilitating the 'translation' of immunology research into clinical applications.

Full Text - Animal models of human type 1 diabetes | PDF (180 KB) - Animal models of human type 1 diabetes

Homeostasis of naive T cells: the Foxo that fixes - pp133 - 134

Antonio A Freitas & Benedita Rocha

doi:10.1038/ni0209-133

The transcription factor Foxo1 regulates the homeostasis of naive peripheral T cells by 'translating' nutrient-availability signals into the expression of lymphoid tissue–homing molecules and the receptor for interleukin 7.

Full Text - Homeostasis of naive T cells: the Foxo that fixes | PDF (184 KB) - Homeostasis of naive T cells: the Foxo that fixes

See also: Article by Kerdiles et al.

An unexpected twist for autophagy in Crohn's disease - pp134 - 136

Tamaki Yano & Shoichiro Kurata

doi:10.1038/ni0209-134

Autophagy has been linked to inflammatory bowel disease. Studies of two different mouse strains deficient in the autophagy-related gene product Atg16L1 now show that autophagy is important in regulating the secretory function of Paneth cells and the production of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine.

Full Text - An unexpected twist for autophagy in Crohn's disease | PDF (308 KB) - An unexpected twist for autophagy in Crohn's disease

Niche marketing: regulation of the homeostasis of naive CD4⁺ T cells - pp136 - 138

Jonathan Kaye

doi:10.1038/ni0209-136

Compared with that of naive CD8⁺ T cells, the homeostatic population expansion of naive CD4⁺ T cells in a lymphopenic environment is limited. New data indicate that this difference is caused by high systemic concentrations of IL-7, which inhibit the function of dendritic cells.

Full Text - Niche marketing: regulation of the homeostasis of naive CD4+ T cells | PDF (640 KB) - Niche marketing: regulation of the homeostasis of naive CD4+ T cells

See also: Article by Guimond et al.

Helping and harming have something in common - pp138 - 140

Gudrun F Debes & Steven L Reiner

doi:10.1038/ni0209-138

The multifarious fates of CD4⁺ T helper cells mediate helpful and harmful immunity. An unexpected kinship between 'harmful' interleukin 17–producing T helper cells and 'helpful' follicular T helper cells has now been found.

Full Text - Helping and harming have something in common | PDF (336 KB) - Helping and harming have something in common

See also: Article by Bauquet et al.

Research Highlights - p141

doi:10.1038/ni0209-141

Full Text - Research Highlights | PDF (113 KB) - Research Highlights

The molecular basis of TCR germline bias for MHC is surprisingly simple - pp143 - 147

K Christopher Garcia, Jarrett J Adams, Dan Feng & Lauren K Ely

doi:10.1038/ni.f.219

Abstract - | Full Text - The molecular basis of TCR germline bias for MHC is surprisingly simple | PDF (531 KB) - The molecular basis of TCR germline bias for MHC is surprisingly simple

Interleukin 7 signaling in dendritic cells regulates the homeostatic proliferation and niche size of CD4⁺ T cells - pp149 - 157

Martin Guimond, Rachelle G Veenstra, David J Grindler, Hua Zhang, Yongzhi Cui, Ryan D Murphy, Su Young Kim, Risu Na, Lothar Hennighausen, Sema Kurtulus, Batu Erman, Polly Matzinger, Melinda S Merchant & Crystal L Mackall

doi:10.1038/ni.1695

Compared with naive CD8+ T cells, naive CD4⁺ T cells undergo inefficient homeostatic proliferation. Mackall and colleagues now attribute this difference to interleukin 7–mediated suppression of the expression of MHC class II on dendritic cells.

Abstract - | Full Text - Interleukin 7 signaling in dendritic cells regulates the homeostatic proliferation and niche size of CD4+ T cells | PDF (1,423 KB) - Interleukin 7 signaling in dendritic cells regulates the homeostatic proliferation and niche size of CD4+ T cells | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Kaye

The kinase PDK1 integrates T cell antigen receptor and CD28 coreceptor signaling to induce NF-B and activate T cells - pp158 - 166

Sung-Gyoo Park, Jan Schulze-Luehrman, Matthew S Hayden, Naoko Hashimoto, Wataru Ogawa, Masato Kasuga & Sankar Ghosh

doi:10.1038/ni.1687

The mechanism by which the coreceptor CD28 contributes to T cell activation is vague. Ghosh and colleagues find that CD28 facilitates NF-B activation by regulating recruitment and phosphorylation of the kinase PDK1.

Abstract - | Full Text - The kinase PDK1 integrates T cell antigen receptor and CD28 coreceptor signaling to induce NF-B and activate T cells | PDF (877 KB) - The kinase PDK1 integrates T cell antigen receptor and CD28 coreceptor signaling to induce NF-B and activate T cells | Supplementary information

The costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates the expression of c-Maf and IL-21 in the development of follicular T helper cells and T_H-17 cells - pp167 - 175

Aurelie T Bauquet, Hulin Jin, Alison M Paterson, Meike Mitsdoerffer, I-Cheng Ho, Arlene H Sharpe & Vijay K Kuchroo

doi:10.1038/ni.1690

The costimulatory molecule ICOS is important for the development of both interleukin 17–producing and follicular T helper cells. Kuchroo and colleagues find that ICOS induces the transcription factor c-Maf, which regulates the population expansion of both helper cell types.

Abstract - | Full Text - The costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates the expression of c-Maf and IL-21 in the development of follicular T helper cells and TH-17 cells | PDF (684 KB) - The costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates the expression of c-Maf and IL-21 in the development of follicular T helper cells and TH-17 cells | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Debes & Reiner

Foxo1 links homing and survival of naive T cells by regulating L-selectin, CCR7 and interleukin 7 receptor - pp176 - 184

Yann M Kerdiles, Daniel R Beisner, Roberto Tinoco, Anne S Dejean, Diego H Castrillon, Ronald A DePinho & Stephen M Hedrick

doi:10.1038/ni.1689

Factors governing T cell homeostasis are poorly defined. Hedrick and colleagues find that the transcription factor Foxo1 maintains the homeostasis of naive T cells by regulating genes involved in T cell trafficking and survival.

Abstract - | Full Text - Foxo1 links homing and survival of naive T cells by regulating L-selectin, CCR7 and interleukin 7 receptor | PDF (2,912 KB) - Foxo1 links homing and survival of naive T cells by regulating L-selectin, CCR7 and interleukin 7 receptor | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Freitas & Rocha

Regulation of conformer-specific activation of the integrin LFA-1 by a chemokine-triggered Rho signaling module - pp185 - 194

Matteo Bolomini-Vittori, Alessio Montresor, Cinzia Giagulli, Donald Staunton, Barbara Rossi, Marianna Martinello, Gabriela Constantin & Carlo Laudanna

doi:10.1038/ni.1691

Leukocyte adhesion is governed by the affinity state of integrin LFA-1. Laudanna and colleagues show that many Rho GTPase family members interact to form a regulatory module that regulates LFA-1 activation.

Abstract - | Full Text - Regulation of conformer-specific activation of the integrin LFA-1 by a chemokine-triggered Rho signaling module | PDF (555 KB) - Regulation of conformer-specific activation of the integrin LFA-1 by a chemokine-triggered Rho signaling module | Supplementary information

Hypoxia-inducible factor–dependent induction of netrin-1 dampens inflammation caused by hypoxia - pp195 - 202

Peter Rosenberger, Jan M Schwab, Valbona Mirakaj, Eva Masekowsky, Alice Mager, Julio C Morote-Garcia, Klaus Unertl & Holger K Eltzschig

doi:10.1038/ni.1683

Hypoxia incites inflammation, particularly at mucosal surfaces. Eltzschig and colleagues show that hypoxia also suppresses inflammation by inducing expression of the neuronal guidance molecule netrin-1, which inhibits the transepithelial migration of neutrophils.

Abstract - | Full Text - Hypoxia-inducible factor–dependent induction of netrin-1 dampens inflammation caused by hypoxia | PDF (865 KB) - Hypoxia-inducible factor–dependent induction of netrin-1 dampens inflammation caused by hypoxia | Supplementary information

Dectin-1 directs T helper cell differentiation by controlling noncanonical NF-B activation through Raf-1 and Syk - pp203 - 213

Sonja I Gringhuis, Jeroen den Dunnen, Manja Litjens, Michiel van der Vlist, Brigitte Wevers, Sven C M Bruijns & Teunis B H Geijtenbeek

doi:10.1038/ni.1692

The C-type lectin dectin-1 induces T cell responses. Geijtenbeek and colleagues demonstrate that in human dendritc cells, dectin-1 ligands induce two independent signaling pathways that act in synergy at the point of activation of nuclear factor-B.

Abstract - | Full Text - Dectin-1 directs T helper cell differentiation by controlling noncanonical NF-B activation through Raf-1 and Syk | PDF (743 KB) - Dectin-1 directs T helper cell differentiation by controlling noncanonical NF-B activation through Raf-1 and Syk | Supplementary information

Fc receptor -chain, a constitutive component of the IL-3 receptor, is required for IL-3-induced IL-4 production in basophils - pp214 - 222

Shigeaki Hida, Sho Yamasaki, Yuzuru Sakamoto, Masaya Takamoto, Kazushige Obata, Toshiyuki Takai, Hajime Karasuyama, Kazuo Sugane, Takashi Saito & Shinsuke Taki

doi:10.1038/ni.1686

The adaptor Fc receptor common -chain transduces signals for many immunoreceptors. Taki and colleagues find that this adaptor 'reroutes' interleukin 3 signals to induce interleukin 4 production and T helper 2 differentiation.

Abstract - | Full Text - Fc receptor -chain, a constitutive component of the IL-3 receptor, is required for IL-3-induced IL-4 production in basophils | PDF (774 KB) - Fc receptor -chain, a constitutive component of the IL-3 receptor, is required for IL-3-induced IL-4 production in basophils | Supplementary information

Corrigendum: Interactions among the transcription factors Runx1, ROR t and Foxp3 regulate the differentiation of interleukin 17–producing T cells - p223

Fuping Zhang, Guangxun Meng & Warren Strober

doi:10.1038/ni0209-223a

Full Text - Corrigendum: Interactions among the transcription factors Runx1, ROR t and Foxp3 regulate the differentiation of interleukin 17–producing T cells | PDF (91 KB) - Corrigendum: Interactions among the transcription factors Runx1, ROR t and Foxp3 regulate the differentiation of interleukin 17–producing T cells

Corrigendum: Enhanced Toll-like receptor responses in the absence of signaling adaptor DAP12 - p223

Jessica A Hamerman, Nadia K Tchao, Clifford A Lowell & Lewis L Lanier

doi:10.1038/ni0209-223b

Full Text - Corrigendum: Enhanced Toll-like receptor responses in the absence of signaling adaptor DAP12 | PDF (91 KB) - Corrigendum: Enhanced Toll-like receptor responses in the absence of signaling adaptor DAP12

Erratum: Calcium signaling in immune cells - p223

Monika Vig & Jean-Pierre Kinet

doi:10.1038/ni0209-223c

Full Text - Erratum: Calcium signaling in immune cells | PDF (91 KB) - Erratum: Calcium signaling in immune cells

Erratum: The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines transports chemokines and supports their promigratory activity - p223

Monika Pruenster, Liesbeth Mudde, Paula Bombosi, Svetla Dimitrova, Marion Zsak, Jim Middleton, Ann Richmond, Gerard J Graham, Stephan Segerer, Robert J B Nibbs & Antal Rot

doi:10.1038/ni0209-223d

Full Text - Erratum: The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines transports chemokines and supports their promigratory activity | PDF (91 KB) - Erratum: The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines transports chemokines and supports their promigratory activity

Erratum: Cortical sinus probing, S1P1-dependent entry and flow-based capture of egressing T cells - p223

Irina L Grigorova, Susan R Schwab, Tri Giang Phan, Trung H M Pham, Takaharu Okada & Jason G Cyster

doi:10.1038/ni0209-223e

Full Text - Erratum: Cortical sinus probing, S1P1-dependent entry and flow-based capture of egressing T cells | PDF (91 KB) - Erratum: Cortical sinus probing, S1P1-dependent entry and flow-based capture of egressing T cells