Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Correspondence
  • Published:

The discombobulation of de-identification

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Relevant articles

Open Access articles citing this article.

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References

  1. Knoppers, B.M. & Saginur, M. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 925–927 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Solomon, S. in Clinical Genomics (eds. Kulkarni, S. & Pfeifer, J.) 403–434 (Elsevier, 2015).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Ritter, S. J. Clin. Trials 5, e120 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Zang, J., Dummit, K., Graves, J., Lisker, P. & Sweeney, L. Technology Science http://techscience.org/a/2015103001 (2015).

  5. Stein, L.D., Knoppers, B.M., Campbell, P., Getz, G. & Korbel, J.O. Nature 523, 149–151 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ohm, P. UCLA Law Rev. 57, 1701 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barocas, S. & Nissenbaum, H. in Privacy, Big Data, and the Public Good: Frameworks for Engagement (eds. Lane, J., Stodden, V., Bender, S. & Nissenbaum, H.) 44–75 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Cai, R. et al. Bioinformatics 31, 1701–1707 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Harmonised Guideline on Genomic Sampling and Management of Genomic Data. Draft Efficacy Guideline E18 (2015). http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E18_Step2.pdf

  10. Article 29 Working Party. Statement on the Role of a Risk-based Approach in Data Protection Legal Frameworks (2014). http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2014/wp218_en.pdf

  11. Cate, F.H., Cullen, P. & Mayer-Schönberger, V. Data Protection Principles for the 21st Century: Revising the 1980 OECD Guidelines (2014). https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/publications/Data_Protection_Principles_for_the_21st_Century.pdf

  12. International Standards Organization. Technical Specification 25237. Health Informatics — Pseudonimization (International Standards Organization, 2008).

  13. El Emam, K. & Arbuckle, L. Anonymizing Health Data (O'Reilly, Sebastopol, California, USA, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Council of the European Union. General Data Protection Regulation, first reading, 15039/15 (Brussels, 2015).

  15. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Definitions for Genomic Biomarkers, Pharmacogenetics, Genomic Data and Sample Coding Categories. Efficiency Guideline E15 (2007). http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E15/Step4/E15_Guideline.pdf

  16. Revised Statutes of Alberta, as amended (Queen's Printer, 2000).

  17. Information Commissioner's Office (UK). Anonymisation: Managing Data Protection Risk, Code of Practice (circa 2012). https://ico.org.uk/media/1061/anonymisation-code.pdf

  18. Global Alliance for Genomics and Health. Privacy and Security Policy (2015). https://genomicsandhealth.org/work-products-demonstration-projects/privacy-and-security-policy

  19. Global Alliance for Genomics & Health. Data Sharing Lexicon (2015). http://genomicsandhealth.org/work-products-demonstration-projects/data-sharing-lexicon

  20. United States Code of Federal Regulations. Title 45: Public Welfare, Part 164: Security and Privacy. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1996

  21. Homer, N. et al. PLoS Genet. 4, 1000167 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lin, Z., Owen, A.B. & Altman, R.B. Science 305, 183 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Malin, B. & Sweeney, L. J. Biomed. Inform. 37, 179–192 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Schadt, E.E., Woo, S. & Hao, K. Nat. Genet. 44, 603–608 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gymrek, M., McGuire, A.L., Golan, D., Halperin, E. & Erlich, Y. Science 339, 321–324 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nietfeld, J.J. EMBO Rep. 8, 518 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Article 29 Working Party. Opinion 05/2014 on Anonymisation Techniques (2014). http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2014/wp216_en.pdf

  28. Article 29 Working Party. Opinion 04/2007 on the Concept of Personal Data (2007). http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2007/wp136_en.pdf

  29. Institute of Medicine. Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health through Research (National Academies, Washington, DC, 2009).

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge funding from the Cancer Genome Collaboratory and from Can-SHARE.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark Phillips.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Phillips, M., Knoppers, B. The discombobulation of de-identification. Nat Biotechnol 34, 1102–1103 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3696

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3696

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing: Translational Research

Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Translational Research newsletter — top stories in biotechnology, drug discovery and pharma.

Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research