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Although the first major agbiotech product patent has expired, regulatory requirements could continue to allot a significant degree of control to the original right holder.
Though the major European Union member states all have research and Bolar exemptions in their patent laws, the scope and effect differs considerably from country to country.
African countries can establish a plant variety protection system that supports commercial seed systems without negatively affecting smallholder farmers.
In genetic diagnostics testing, what are the boundaries of the global patent problem, and is there a real risk that patents and licensing practices could impede access to tests?
A mix of policy options that enhances access to research tools is available to courts, legislators and government bureaucracies, including research agencies and patent offices.
Recent developments in the prosecution of the CRISPR-Cas9 patent in Europe highlight the differences between the intellectual property regimes of Europe and the United States.
A survey of the claims of antibody-related patents granted by the European Patent Office and a review of the type and scope of product claims granted for antibodies.