Opinion

Rays of hope in eastern Europe p625

Although much of Russia struggles to survive, other former Soviet countries are building new research systems with varying success. A critical need is to avoid western domination of their programmes.

doi:10.1038/35047227

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News

Successes in fight to save ozone layer could close holes by 2050 p627

Mark Schrope

doi:10.1038/35047229

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Gridlock stalls NIH budget rise p627

Paul Smaglik

doi:10.1038/35047232

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US puts global collaboration at heart of AIDS effort p628

Rex Dalton

doi:10.1038/35047234

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Mars images may be legacy of lakeside view p628

Tony Reichhardt

doi:10.1038/35047237

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Scientists win vote of confidence from French public p628

Declan Butler

doi:10.1038/35047240

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NIH cash tied to compulsory training in good behaviour p629

Rex Dalton

doi:10.1038/35047242

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France opens door to use of embryos in stem-cell research p629

Declan Butler

doi:10.1038/35047245

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Medical schools in concert on research ethics p630

Steve Nadis

doi:10.1038/35047248

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Xenotransplantation opponents take FDA to court p630

Paul Smaglik

doi:10.1038/35047251

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Japan makes polluters pay after landmark court ruling p631

David Cyranoski

doi:10.1038/35047254

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Academics bid to transcend the Arab–Israeli conflict p631

Haim Watzman

doi:10.1038/35047257

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News in brief p632

doi:10.1038/35047260

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News Feature

The great ice mystery p634

Changes in the extent and thickness of sea ice could alter ocean circulation and so disrupt the climate. Jon Copley considers one of the big unknowns in the global warming debate.

Jon Copley

doi:10.1038/35047263

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Correspondence

Island-hopping invaders hitch a ride with tourists in South Georgia p637

Steven L. Chown and Kevin J. Gaston

doi:10.1038/35047268

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Status of Japanese monkeys under debate p637

Kunihiko Obata

doi:10.1038/35047270

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Call for a fairer deal on grant applications p637

Robert Dorazi

doi:10.1038/35047272

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Commentary

The quantum centennial p639

One hundred years ago, a simple concept changed our world view forever.

doi:10.1038/35047177

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See also: News and Views Feature by Amelino-Camelia

Book Reviews

All human life is here p643

A tour of anthropology from bipedalism to environmentalism.

Vaclav Smil reviews Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect by Paul R. Ehrlich

doi:10.1038/35047142

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An uncertain principal p644

Daniel Greenberger reviews Quantum Reflections

doi:10.1038/35047145

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Relics of the quantum century p645

doi:10.1038/35047148

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Observing the astronomer p645

Dorrit Hoffleit reviews Henry Norris Russell: Dean of American Astronomers by David H. DeVorkin

doi:10.1038/35047151

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New in paperback p646

doi:10.1038/35047154

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Millennium Essay

A chair of one's own p647

The upper reaches of academe remain stubbornly inaccessible to women.

Christine Wennerås and Agnes Wold

doi:10.1038/35047182

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Futures

Murphy's cat p649

Take care who sits next to you at conferences. . .

Joan D. Vinge

doi:10.1038/35047185

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News and Views

What drives climate? p651

Variation in the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere is usually taken to be the main cause of climate change on geological timescales. The apparent exceptions to the link threaten to undermine that view.

Lee R. Kump

doi:10.1038/35047188

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Earth science: Not making waves p651

Laura Garwin

doi:10.1038/35047190

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Human evolution: A start for population genomics p652

The most thorough analysis yet of the divergence of sequences in human mitochondrial DNA has been carried out. The results support the view that modern humans originated in Africa.

S. Blair Hedges

doi:10.1038/35047193

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Photonics: On the threshold of success p653

Tiny crystals that interact strongly with certain frequencies of light can be used to make semiconductor lasers. They can now be stimulated electrically, and thus be integrated with conventional electronic devices.

Richard De La Rue and Chris Smith

doi:10.1038/35047196

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100 and 50 years ago p655

doi:10.1038/35047199

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Plant biology: Coping with human CO₂ emissions p656

For two centuries, a natural experiment has been showing how increasing atmospheric CO₂ affects plants. Laboratory work provides pointers as to how they will respond in the future.

Laura Serna and Carmen Fenoll

doi:10.1038/35047202

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Geochemistry: Mantle recycled in Sardinia p657

The origin of the 'EM-1 signature' evident in certain basalt rocks is a long-standing puzzle. Comparison of data from Pitcairn Island and Sardinia may shed some light on the enigma.

Barry B. Hanan

doi:10.1038/35047205

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Immunology: A Toll for DNA vaccines p659

The mammalian protein that triggers an innate immune response to bacterial DNA has been identified. This discovery may help in understanding and improving DNA-based vaccines.

Robert L. Modlin

doi:10.1038/35047207

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News and Views Feature

Quantum theory's last challenge p661

Quantum theory is 100 years old and still going strong. Combining general relativity with quantum mechanics is the last hurdle to be overcome in the 'quantum revolution'.

Giovanni Amelino-Camelia

doi:10.1038/35047210

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Brief Communications

A giant atomic slide-puzzle p665

Atoms crammed tightly together in metal crystal surfaces are surprisingly mobile.

R. van Gastel, E. Somfai, W. van Saarloos and J.W.M. Frenken

doi:10.1038/35047156

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (250K) | Supplementary information

Psychology: An electoral butterfly effect p665

Robert C. Sinclair, Melvin M. Mark, Sean E. Moore, Carrie A. Lavis and Alexander S. Soldat

doi:10.1038/35047160

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (250K)

Geophysics: Timing of the Martian dynamo p666

G. Schubert, C. T. Russell and W. B. Moore

doi:10.1038/35047163

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (205K)

ATP-dependent proteases: Docking of components in a bacterial complex p667

Takashi Ishikawa, Michael R. Maurizi, David Belnap and Alasdair C. Steven

doi:10.1038/35047165

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (124K)

reply: Docking of components in a bacterial complex p668

Matthias Bochtler, Claudia Hartmann, Hyun Kyu Song, Ravishankar Ramachandran and Robert Huber

doi:10.1038/35047168

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (113K)

Addendum: A new model for protein stereospecificity p668

A. D. Mesecar and D. E. Koshland, Jr

doi:10.1038/35047170

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Review

Granite magma formation, transport and emplacement in the Earth's crust p669

N. Petford, A. R. Cruden, K. J. W. McCaffrey and J.-L. Vigneresse

doi:10.1038/35047000

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (207K)

Articles

Fossiliferous Lana'i deposits formed by multiple events rather than a single giant tsunami p675

Ken H. Rubin, Charles H. Fletcher, III and Clark Sherman

doi:10.1038/35047008

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (318K)

Crystal structure of Rac1 in complex with the guanine nucleotide exchange region of Tiam1 p682

David K. Worthylake, Kent L. Rossman and John Sondek

doi:10.1038/35047014

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (489K) | Supplementary information

Letters to Nature

An optical counterpart to the anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U0142+61 p689

F. Hulleman, M. H. van Kerkwijk and S. R. Kulkarni

doi:10.1038/35047024

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (297K)

Direct observation of growth and collapse of a Bose–Einstein condensate with attractive interactions p692

Jordan M. Gerton, Dmitry Strekalov, Ionut Prodan and Randall G. Hulet

doi:10.1038/35047030

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (428K)

Direct observation of molecular cooperativity near the glass transition p695

E. Vidal Russell and N. E. Israeloff

doi:10.1038/35047037

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (433K)

Evidence for decoupling of atmospheric CO₂ and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon p698

Ján Veizer, Yves Godderis and Louis M. François

doi:10.1038/35047044

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (148K)

See also: News and Views by Kump

Evidence from Sardinian basalt geochemistry for recycling of plume heads into the Earth's mantle p701

D. Gasperini, J. Blichert-Toft, D. Bosch, A. Del Moro, P. Macera, P. Télouk and F. Albarède

doi:10.1038/35047049

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (334K) | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Hanan

The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur p705

Xing Xu, Zhonghe Zhou and Xiaolin Wang

doi:10.1038/35047056

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (343K) | Supplementary information

Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans p708

Max Ingman, Henrik Kaessmann, Svante Pääbo and Ulf Gyllensten

doi:10.1038/35047064

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (247K)

See also: News and Views by Hedges

The HIC signalling pathway links CO₂ perception to stomatal development p713

Julie E. Gray, Geoff H. Holroyd, Frederique M. van der Lee, Ahmad R. Bahrami, Peter C. Sijmons, F. Ian Woodward, Wolfgang Schuch and Alistair M. Hetherington

doi:10.1038/35047071

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (189K)

See also: News and Views by Serna & Fenoll

The ELF3zeitnehmer regulates light signalling to the circadian clock p716

Harriet G. McWatters, Ruth M. Bastow, Anthony Hall and Andrew J. Millar

doi:10.1038/35047079

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (192K) | Supplementary information

-Opioid receptor desensitization by -arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence p720

Laura M. Bohn, Raul R. Gainetdinov, Fang-Tsyr Lin, Robert J. Lefkowitz and Marc G. Caron

doi:10.1038/35047086

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (155K)

Tyrosine-kinase-dependent recruitment of RGS12 to the N-type calcium channel p723

Max L. Schiff, David P. Siderovski, J. Dedrick Jordan, Greg Brothers, Bryan Snow, Luc De Vries, Daniel F. Ortiz and María Diversé-Pierluissi

doi:10.1038/35047093

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (248K) | Supplementary information

Adherens junctions and -catenin-mediated cell signalling in a non-metazoan organism p727

Mark J. Grimson, Juliet C. Coates, Jonathan P. Reynolds, Mark Shipman, Richard L. Blanton and Adrian J. Harwood

doi:10.1038/35047099

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (430K) | Supplementary information

IRSp53 is an essential intermediate between Rac and WAVE in the regulation of membrane ruffling p732

Hiroaki Miki, Hideki Yamaguchi, Shiro Suetsugu and Tadaomi Takenawa

doi:10.1038/35047107

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (322K) | Supplementary information

InsP₄ facilitates store-operated calcium influx by inhibition of InsP₃ 5-phosphatase p735

Meredith C. Hermosura, Hiroshi Takeuchi, Andrea Fleig, Andrew M. Riley, Barry V. L. Potter, Masato Hirata and Reinhold Penner

doi:10.1038/35047115

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (762K)

A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA p740

Hiroaki Hemmi, Osamu Takeuchi, Taro Kawai, Tsuneyasu Kaisho, Shintaro Sato, Hideki Sanjo, Makoto Matsumoto, Katsuaki Hoshino, Hermann Wagner, Kiyoshi Takeda and Shizuo Akira

doi:10.1038/35047123

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (317K)

See also: News and Views by Modlin

Structure of the bacteriophage 29 DNA packaging motor p745

Alan A. Simpson, Yizhi Tao, Petr G. Leiman, Mohammed O. Badasso, Yongning He, Paul J. Jardine, Norman H. Olson, Marc C. Morais, Shelley Grimes, Dwight L. Anderson, Timothy S. Baker and Michael G. Rossmann

doi:10.1038/35047129

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (560K)

erratum: Logical computation using algorithmic self-assembly of DNA triple-crossover molecules p750

Chengde Mao, Thomas H. LaBean, John H. Reif and Nadrian Seeman

doi:10.1038/35047136

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erratum: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model p750

Peter M. Cox, Richard A. Betts, Chris D. Jones, Steven A. Spall and Ian J. Totterdell

doi:10.1038/35047138

Full Text | PDF (465K)