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Biomass and waste stand out from other renewable sources due to their exceptional potential to directly provide an array of value-added products such as liquid fuels, chemicals, and functional materials. This unique attribute, combined with the fact that biomass is the primary source of renewable energy, renders it a critical piece in the renewable energy landscape. The versatility of thermal processing technologies such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis, further bolsters the practicality of biomass and waste conversion in industry, as they offer a straightforward way to handle feedstock and product processing. Nowadays, thermal conversion of biomass and waste is gaining traction as a promising alternative to traditional chemical manufacturing and energy technology. However, the diversity of biomass and waste, including seasonal fluctuations and varying moisture contents, poses a formidable challenge for efficient conversion and subsequent emission cleaning and product upgrading. This Collection invites submission of original research papers that advance thermochemical treatment technologies to improve conversion efficiency, raw material analysis, gas cleaning, and product upgrading.