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Convergent evolution is the concept by which organisms independently develop mechanisms to adapt to the same, or similar, selective pressures. Classic examples include the evolution of camera-like ocular vision in both cephalopods and vertebrates, and the establishment of winged flight in birds, bats, pterosaurs and insects. Advances in morphometric analyses are facilitating identification of novel anatomical patterns across species and through time. In addition, the expansion of affordable, high quality next generation sequencing is resulting in a wealth of new genetic data, highlighting novel molecular pathways and interactions with wide-ranging potential scientific interest. This Collection welcomes primary research focused on establishing and characterising new and existing examples of convergent evolution at genetic, molecular and anatomical levels.