Introduction

In recent years, condensed matter physics has witnessed the emergence of novel quantum phases characterized by topology rather than by symmetry breaking. The best studied of these are the topological insulators, which have a bulk band gap, but with gapless edge or surface states protected by time reversal symmetry and characterized by topological invariants1,2,3. More recent predictions suggest that nontrivial topological properties can also arise in certain systems whose gapless band structures are characterized by point or line nodes4,5,6,7. A particularly interesting state of matter is the topological Weyl semimetal (TWS)5,6,8. These are phases with broken time-reversal or inversion symmetry, whose electronic structure consists of pairs of Weyl nodes, points in the bulk Brillouin zone (BZ), which are at the chemical potential and act as sources and sinks of Berry curvature. This is predicted5 to lead to unusual surface states that are gapless on disconnected Fermi arcs with end points at the projections of the bulk nodes onto the surface BZ.

A number of candidate material systems that should exhibit a TWS phase have been proposed. These include pyrochlore iridates A2Ir2O75, spinels9 and multilayers of topological insulators and trivial insulators10, all of which break time reversal. There is a recent report of the experimental observation11 of surface Fermi arcs in TaAs, which is a TWS by breaking spatial inversion. In addition there are many theoretical predictions about the unusual transport and magnetic properties of TWSs8,10,121313,14,15,16,17,18,19.

In this paper, we theoretically address the electrodynamic response of a TWS with broken time reversal symmetry, focusing on Kerr and Faraday rotations and linear dichroism. We show that our predictions are sensitive to four nontrivial characteristics of a TWS: (i) the topological Weyl nodes which lead to nontrivial σxy in the absence of an applied field, (ii) the nodal excitations leading to optical conductivity σxx(ω) ~ ω, (iii) the unusual surface states with Fermi arcs and (iv) the modification of Maxwell equations inside the TWS via a topological θ-term.

In brief, our results are as follows. We find that there is a very important difference between the EM responses for radiation normally incident on (A) a surface that does not support Fermi-arc electronic states, versus (B) a surface that does. Specifically, for a pair of nodes separated along the kz-direction in the bulk BZ, the (x, y)-plane has no Fermi arc states; see Fig. 1. We find Kerr and Faraday rotations only in case (A), i.e., for light incident on the (x, y)-plane. For case (B), there is no Kerr and Faraday rotations, but the electric field develops a longitudinal component inside the TWS and there is a finite magnetic linear dichroism signal.

Figure 1
figure 1

(a) Schematic k-space picture showing the location of Weyl nodes (blue and red dots with outward arrows as sources and inward arrows as sinks of Berry curvature) along kz axis in bulk Brillouin zone (BZ) and the Fermi arcs (lines ending at the projection of the Weyl nodes) on the surface BZ’s, shown as blue squares. Note that surfaces perpendicular to z axis have no arcs. (b,c) Real-space geometry of slab and electromagnetic waves. The blue (dark) surfaces of slabs support the arc surface-states and yellow (light) surfaces are ones without surface states. In (b) we show the Kerr θK and Faraday θF angles. For geometry shown in (c) there are no Kerr and Faraday rotations, instead E acquires a longitudinal component inside the Weyl semimetal.

Full size image

We look at various experimental geometries – a TWS film thinner than the wavelength of light, a semi-infinite slab and a film with thickness comparable to wavelength – and identify cases where large measurable signals are obtained. We discuss at the end of the paper, various experimental systems where our results can be tested. In addition to the TWS materials already mentioned above, our results may also be generalized to recently discovered Dirac semimetals, where a magnetic field B separates the Weyl nodes.

Results

The conductivity tensor

The first step in computing the Faraday and Kerr effects for a TWS is to obtain the conductivity tensor , using the Kubo formalism. To make the physical ideas clear, we focus on a TWS with two Weyl nodes with opposite chiralities, located at ±b = ±(0, 0, b). The low-energy physics is described by the linearized Hamiltonian

where k ≤ kc, the momentum cut-off, vF is the Fermi velocity and are Pauli matrices.

In addition to the known result12 , we also determine . While the linearized H is sufficient to obtain σ′ (ω) for , it leads to a pathology in σ″ (ω), even in the low frequency regime. This is avoided by using a lattice regularization. We find that has a spurious −1/ω term for the linearized dispersion, which is in fact exactly cancelled by the diamagnetic term in the Kubo formula. Such a diamagnetic term is indeed present for the lattice H, but absent for a strictly linear dispersion; see Methods for more details.

Using , where εb is the bound charge contribution, we then find the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function. These are given by and , where is the fine structure constant.

For the Hall response, we find the ω2 correction to the known d.c. result8,10 and obtain . The ω2 terms in ε′ and are shown here for the linear model; for the lattice model the prefactors, which must be found numerically, have essentially the same structure with . We note that disorder produces subleading corrections12 to and does not20 affect . Therefore the above results remain valid at least for weak disorder.

Electromagnetic Response

We now consider in turn the electromagnetic response of a TWS with light incident on: (A) a surface that does not support Fermi-arc states, which is the (x, y)-plane with nodes separated along the z-direction and (B) surfaces that do support Fermi-arc states; see Fig. 1. We look at three geometries: (1) In an ultra-thin film, which is thinner than the wavelength, the σαβ(ω) of TWS impacts the boundary condition at the interface between two topologically trivial media. (2) When the TWS is a semi-infinite slab, we need to consider the modification in the Maxwell equations arising from the topological θ-term. (3) In a film of finite thickness comparable to the wavelength of light, we take into account both the modified Maxwell equations and interference phenomena arising from multiple reflections.

Kerr and Faraday rotations

• Case (A1): We first consider light incident on the (x, y) surface with no arc states [see Fig. 1(b)] for an ultra-thin film with thickness d with , the wavelength of light. In this limit, the nontrivial properties of the TWS enter only through the boundary condition for e.m. fields in the two non-topological media on either side (z < 0 and z > 0). The surface current density at z = 0 is , with the surface conductivity tensor for the TWS thin film. The rotation of the polarization in both reflection and transmission is governed by .

Using right and left circularly polarized transmitted fields , the Faraday rotation is given by . An analogous treatment of the reflected fields yields the Kerr rotation. We thus find

Here we ignore the ω-dependence of and show results for free standing films.

At the lowest frequencies, we find tan θF ≈ bdα/π = −cot θK. Note that θF for a TWS is enhanced by a factor , relative to the small (<1°) Faraday rotation for the surface of a topological insulator with time reversal breaking21,22.

We find that θK for a TWS can also be very large. For instance for typical film thickness of d = 50 − 100 nm it reaches values of 70–80°.

We also note that there is a finite frequency regime where the results are independent of film thickness d. For 6bvF/π < ω < 3vF/αd, two second-order terms in denominator in eq. (3) can be ignored. We thus obtain θK = −6vFb/πω, independent of d. For a typical values of d = 100 nm, vF = 106 m/s, the corresponding photon energies should be 1 < ħω < 5 eV, corresponding to the visible range, which is accessible in experiments.

• Case (A2): For a semi-infinite TWS (z ≥ 0) with light incident on a surface without arc states [see Fig. 1(b)], we must take into account the modification of the Maxwell equations inside the TWS. The topological axion term23,24 in the action with θ(r) = b · r leads to

with .

In our geometry [Fig. 1(b)] the E and B fields are in the (x, y) plane. As usual, with . The effective dielectric tensor (α, β = x, y) of the TWS can be written as

ε is the complex dielectric function ε = εb + iσxx/ε0ω and the Pauli matrix τy term arises from b × E with . Thus the constitutive relation for a TWS is of the gyrotropic form25,26 D = εE − ig × E, well known in the electrodynamics of ferromagnetic materials, with the nodal separation b as the gyration vector25 g.

We use the Jones26 basis of eigenvectors of τy to obtain the complex refractive indices

for left and right circular polarized light inside the TWS. with λ0 = 2πc/ω the wavelength in vacuum. The difference between n± leads to birefrigence.

The tangential electric fields are continuous across the vacuum-TWS interface, because the total surface current density at z = 0 vanishes. First, there is no transverse response localized on the z = 0 surface. Second, in contrast to metals, the longitudinal current density in a TWS is not localized at the surface, given the long penetration depth over which fields decay in the TWS.

Writing (n− − n+)/(1 − n+n−) = ηeiϕ, we find the final result for the Kerr rotation to be (see Methods)

where is the wavelength inside the TWS.

The dielectric constant of TWS can be rather large, e.g., in a topological insulator (TI)-ordinary insulator multilayer Bi2Se3 has ε′ ~ 30 − 80. Therefore the Kerr rotation from a single interface is small ~10−3 − 10−4 rad (like in TI’s.21,22,27,28) We show next that reflection from a thick film can substantially enhance the Kerr rotation.

• Case (A3): We next consider a TWS slab of thickness d and dielectric function sandwiched between two non-topological media with refractive indices n1 = 1 (vacuum) and n3 (substrate). As before, we look at circularly polarized light incident on a TWS surface with no arcs [Fig. 1(b)]. Using eq. (7) and , the refractive index for the TWS is given by , where

The multiple scattering from the two interfaces lead to interference effects with reflection and transmission coefficients that vary with thickness d. Here we mention only some of the results focusing on the cases where a large Kerr/Faraday rotation is predicted. At reflection maxima, where d = pλ/2 for an integer p, the Kerr rotation for a free standing slab with n1 = n3 is given by

independent of ε′. For THz radiation λ0 = 10 μm and Fermi velocity , we get large . We can also get a large Kerr angle near a reflection minima, when d = (2p + 1)λ/4, provided one can also satisfy by choice of substrate. The Faraday rotation of transmitted waves can be similarly enhanced for refractive indices satisfying , with

where the second term is very small for wavelength of about λ0 < 10 μm.

Linear dichroism

Finally we turn to light incident on a surface of the TWS that supports Fermi arcs. We take the incident wave propagating along [see Fig. 1(c)], the Weyl nodes are at in k-space with Fermi arcs in the (ky, kz) surface Brillouin zone. We will focus here on Kerr reflection from a semi-infinite TWS (x > 0).

Consider the propagation of a plane wave with wavevector k = nω/c inside the TWS. The modified Maxwell equations (5) lead to

where ε = εb + iσxx/ε0ω and . In order to have a solution, the refractive index n must be either (i) or (ii) . As we shall see next, the subscript here refers to whether the incident E field is ‖ or to the node separation along . For case (i), and matching boundary conditions at x = 0, we find no rotation of E upon entering the TWS. This is easy to see since b · B and b × E in eq. (4) are identically zero, when and .

Case (ii), relevant for incident and [see Fig. 1(c)], is more interesting. Now the solution inside the TWS is . Thus we find no Faraday or Kerr rotation of the polarization in the (y, z)-plane, however, we do see that E acquires a longitudinal component inside the TWS. These conclusions, which are further elucidated below, can be reached just by looking at the solution of eq. (4) inside the TWS (x > 0). The boundary conditions at x = 0 (discussed in Methods) only determine the magnitude of E0.

First, we comment on the absence of Kerr and Faraday rotations in our geometry. This is related to the fact that the off-diagonal εyz in eq. (11), which could have caused rotations in the (y, z) plane, vanishes. Although time reversal symmetry is broken, there is no yz Hall response. In a very different set up, where an external E · B term creates a charge imbalance between nodes, one can get non-zero εyz. This leads to a Faraday rotation18, which is independent of node separation and vanishes in the limit of equal Fermi energies at the two nodes.

Next, we remark that the longitudinal component of E obtained above is, in fact, just the consequence of broken time reversal (and exists even in magnets26); it is unrelated to topological properties of the TWS. The latter can be probed in magnetic linear dichroism (MLD) measurements on surfaces with arcs. In cases (i) and (ii) discussed above, the waves propagate in the TWS with different refractive indices n‖ and . MLD measures the difference between absorption of light polarized linearly in different directions26. Thus the MLD signal yields

Discussion

We have presented in this paper detailed predictions for the Kerr and Faraday rotations and linear dichroism in a Weyl semimetal. Our results give insights into various aspects of the TWS state including its topological characteristics: Kerr and Faraday rotations from surfaces with no arcs and linear dichroism signal from surfaces supporting arcs. Perhaps the simplest candidate for testing our predictions is a topological insulator-trivial insulator multilayer geometry10, which has only two Weyl nodes. For the TWS phase in the complex materials one must take into account multiple pairs of Weyl nodes. This can be done by a linear superposition of the results for individual pairs. Candidate materials for exploring the TWS phase include pyrochlore iridates A2Ir2O7 in bulk5,29 and in [111] thin films30,31 and HgCr2Se4 spinels9,32.

We should also note other systems whose ground state is not a TWS, but where Weyl nodes can appear once time reversal is broken by an external magnetic field. In the recently discovered Dirac semimetals Cd3As233,34,35 and Na3Bi36,37,38, each Dirac node is expected to split into two Weyl nodes with a separation that grows linearly with B. On the other hand, in systems with a quadratic band touching39, the application of a magnetic field leads to Weyl nodes with a separation proportional to . Our results on Kerr, Faraday and linear dichroism signals can also be generalized to these systems.

Methods

We present here detailed derivations of many of the results reported in main text. We begin with the Kubo approach to the longitudinal and transverse conductivities of a TWS. We then turn to transmission and reflection matrices connecting scattered waves to incident waves. In the next two subsections, we discuss the modified Maxwell equations for a Weyl semimetal (TWS) and reflection from a semi-infinite system. Finally, we give the details of the calculations for the case when light propagates perpendicular to node separation.

We use following notation in the text and Appendices. For all quantities X = X′ + iX″ with X′ = Re X and X″ = Im X. Subscripts 1, 2 etc. refer to medium 1, 2 and not to the real/imaginary parts. The permittivity and the permeability are defined via the constitutive relations and . Their “relative” counterparts, which are dimensionless, are defined by and , where ε0(μ0) is permittivity (permeability) of vacuum. ε is the dielectric constant which then defines the refractive index as and μ is connected to magnetic susceptibility χm as μ = 1 + χm. We assume that the susceptibility of the TWS is negligible.

Optical conductivity tensor of TWS

In this subsection we calculate the longitudinal σxx and transverse σxy conductivities of a TWS. We consider the simplest case with only two nodes located at , where we choose . Near the nodes, the linearized Hamiltonian is given by

The symbols used are defined in the main text. We obtain the conductivity from the Kubo formula

Note that there is no diamagnetic term for a strictly linear dispersion, a point which we will come back to below. The polarization function is given by the current-current correlation function

where V is the volume of the system and the current density operator

The real frequency behavior is obtained by analytic continuation iωn→ω + i0+. For each node we obtain

where f(x) = 1/(eβx + 1) is the Fermi function. The quasiparticle energies and eigenstates are obtained from with i = 1, 2 labeling two eigenstates at each wavevector.

We evaluate the longitudinal and transverse polarizations when the Fermi energy lies with nodes. Therefore, at the low frequency limit ω < ωc the total longitudinal conductivity from both nodes is given by:

Note that the spurious 1/ω term in is an artifact of effective linear Hamiltonian with no diamagnetic response. We have shown that this problem is cured when we consider a lattice Hamiltonian8,40

where a is the lattice spacing. For the lattice model we found that the diverging 1/ω terms in paramagnetic and diamagnetic responses precisely cancel each other. Therefore, in the properly regularized model, we are left only with log term in the equation above for with a cutoff that is effectively ωc ~ t ~ ħvF/a. This lead to a log term in the real part of dielectric constant ε′(ω).

In the limit of low frequencies, we find the transverse conductivity is given by:

where we denote here by kc, the cut-off along kz axis.

Transmission and reflection coefficients for ultra-thin films

In this subsection we derive the reflection and transmission matrices in the ultra-thin film limit where the TWS film thickness , the wavelength of light, even though , the lattice constant. Thus the two media i (z < 0) and j (z > 0) are separated by a TWS which gives rise to the boundary conditions at z = 0.

Taking the incident wave to propagate along the z axis in medium i as , the expressions for EM waves in the two media are as

where wavevector is ki = ωni/c using notation and superscripts r and t stand for reflection and transmission components. We assume medium i is vacuum ni = 1 and medium j (substrate) has refractive index nj = n. In the main text we only quote the results for a free-standing film, i.e., for nj = 1.

The EM waves should match on the boundary and are given by n × (Ei − Ej) = 0 and n × (Hi − Hj) = Js, where is normal to interface. The surface current density Js = σsE, where the surface conductivity tensor with the bulk σαβ for the TWS given by the results in Appendix 1.

Solving the boundary value problem, we get the following expressions for transmitted wave

We use these results to calculate Faraday rotation in Eq. (2) in main text. Similarly, for reflection components we have

These relations are used to calculate the Kerr rotation in Eq. (3).

Modification of Maxwell equations in TWS

The low energy electromagnetic response of Weyl semimetal is described by an spatially varying axion term. Including conventional Maxwell term, the full action S = S0 + Sθ of system is41

Here the tensor Pμv stand for electric polarization and magnetization as P0i = cPi and P ij = −εijkMk. The axion field θ varies with space and time as θ(r, t) = 2b · r − 2b0t, where b(b0) denotes separation of nodes in momentum (energy) space24. We set b0 to be zero, since in the problem of our interest both the Weyl nodes are at the same chemical potential.

Varying action with respect to Aμ, the equation of motions are obtained as follows.

These equation of motions yield the modified Maxwell equations in the presence of axion field in the effective action23. In a more conventional form, they are as

In the absence of topological terms proportional to b, we assume that the constitutive relations are isotropic with and . Here and , where εb denotes the bound charge contribution and σl is longitudinal conductivity. With the topological term, the dielectric constant acquires off-diagonal elements and is given by

where τy is Pauli matrix that comes from writing b × E in terms of its components when .

Reflection from a semi-infinite system

We consider an interface between two media, say vacuum and TWS and match the incoming, the reflected and transmitted waves as follows

where we have defined

For vacuum (medium 1) ε1 = μ1 = 1 and for Weyl semimetal (medium 2) we assume ε2 = ε and μ2 = 1 in following.

Assuming incoming wave is polarized along x axis as , we obtain

The reflection and transmission matrices are given by

where A = 1/(1 + n+)(1 + n−) and

which is Eq. (7) in the main text. The reflection matrix R is used to calculate the Kerr rotation as follows. Defining (n− − n+)/(1 − n−n+) = ηeiϕ The electric field on reflection becomes

The electric field is elliptically polarized and major axis is rotated by θK, where

Propagation of light perpendicular to node separation

We first analyze the propagation of light in WSM assuming the direction of propagation is perpendicular to node separation as shown in Fig. 1(c). Although the Figure shows the incident E is polarized along y axis, to begin with we consider a more general case, but still keeping the x-axis as the direction of propagation. Our goal is to derive Eq. (11) in the main text.

Using modified Maxwell equations (27) and ( 30), we obtain

Taking the electric field to be as E(r, t) = Eei(kx−ωt) with wavevector k = nω/c and using the identity ∇ × ∇ × E = ∇∇· E − ∇2E, we obtain Eq. (11).

Now we specialize to the case where E is polarized along y axis (case (ii) in the main text), whose geometry is shown in Fig. 1(c). We must impose the boundary conditions on the tangential E-fields, and H-fields, .

We must carefully consider what contributes to the surface current density . The bulk conductivity σyy is not responsible for surface currents. As shown in the main text, the longitudinal current density in a WSM is not localized at the surface. In contrast to good conductors, a WSM has a very long penetration depth .

The only contribution to the surface current density is then . Here Ex(x = 0) arises from the longitudinal field in the WSM already described in the main text and the off-diagonal arises from the unusual surface states. To compute , we look at the contribution of an individual surface state, labeled by the wavevector kz and sum up all the contributions. The surface state labelled by kz is localized near the x = 0 plane with a localization length10,42 given by . As one approaches the tips of the Fermi arc at kz = ±b, the localization length diverges and the surface state connects as it were with the bulk states. Thus to compute the surface conductivity we must cut off the kz’s on the scale of the wavelength of light. Using the fact that each individual “layer” in k-space labeled by kz yields a 2D quantized Hall conductivity σ2D(kz) = e2/h, we obtain the surface conductivity

Using the surface conductivity in eq. (40) in the boundary conditions, we can calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients. They are are found to be and , where the generalized refractive index is given by . Therefore, the t and r coefficients are functions of the node separation b.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Kargarian, M. et al. Theory of Kerr and Faraday rotations and linear dichroism in Topological Weyl Semimetals. Sci. Rep. 5, 12683; doi: 10.1038/srep12683 (2015).