How a cell is cleaved into two daughter cells — a process known as cytokinesis — has fascinated biologists for more than 150 years. In 1891, Walther Flemming published beautiful drawings showing that a cleavage furrow ingresses between separated chromosomes and forms a short intercellular bridge connecting the two daughter cells. But how does abscission, the final cut of the intercellular bridge, eventually occur? It was first thought to be a trivial event, but it turned out to be a much more sophisticated and regulated process than initially anticipated.
In 2007, two seminal papers (Carlton and Martin-Serrano; Morita et al.) reported that ESCRTs (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) were essential for the completion of cytokinesis. The activity of the ESCRT machinery culminates with the polymerization of ESCRT-III filaments, which were originally known to facilitate the scission of intraluminal vesicles from the limiting membrane of late endosomes. Also known was that retroviruses hijack this machinery at the plasma membrane to promote the budding and release of virions through the deformation of the membrane away from the cytosol. Carlton and Martin-Serrano proposed that cytokinetic abscission is a similar topological event (as if one of the daughter cells was a giant virion) that is driven by the same molecular machinery in human cells.
two seminal papers … reported that ESCRTs (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) were essential for the completion of cytokinesis
These studies were influential because they proposed a straightforward mechanism for abscission. Soon afterwards, ESCRTs were implicated in cytokinesis in Archaea (Lindås et al.; Samson et al.), suggesting that abscission might be the ancestral function of this ancient molecular machinery. Live cell imaging and tomo-EM later revealed that ESCRT-III accumulates at the abscission site just before the final cut (Elia et al.) and ESCRT-dependent helices ‘pinch’ the membrane (Guizetti et al.).
The discovery of ESCRTs in cytokinesis highlights how ‘outsiders’ can make crucial contributions: the Martin-Serrano and Sundquist groups were virology specialists who had not worked on cytokinesis before.
References
Original articles
Carlton, J. G. & Martin-Serrano, J. Parallels between cytokinesis and retroviral budding: a role for the ESCRT machinery. Science 316, 1908–1912 (2007)
Morita, E. et al. Human ESCRT and ALIX proteins interact with proteins of the midbody and function in cytokinesis. EMBO J. 26, 4215–4227 (2007)
Lindås, A.-C. et al. A unique cell division machinery in the Archaea. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 18942–18946 (2008)
Samson, R. Y. et al. A role for the ESCRT system in cell division in Archaea. Science 322, 1710–1713 (2008)
Elia, N. et al. Dynamics of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery during cytokinesis and its role in abscission. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 4846–4851 (2011)
Guizetti, J. et al. Cortical constriction during abscission involves helices of ESCRT-III-dependent filaments. Science 331, 1616–1620 (2011)
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Echard, A. ESCRTs: the final cut for cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 20, 663 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0150-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0150-2