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A reticular chemistry guide for the design of periodic solids

Nature Reviews Materials volume 6, pages 466–487 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Reticular chemistry — the linking of well-defined molecular building blocks by strong bonds into crystalline extended frameworks — has enabled the synthesis of diverse metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks, in which the pore shape, size and functionality can be tailored towards specific applications. Structural design methodologies are based on three main requisites: building blocks, targeted nets and isoreticular chemistry. In this Review, we highlight the well-developed and cutting-edge methodologies in reticular chemistry for the structural design and discovery of periodic solids. We illustrate the diversity of building blocks and delineate the suitable blueprint nets — namely, edge-transitive nets — for the design of MOFs. These edge-transitive nets are classified into three categories to help rationalize existing MOFs and to provide guidelines for the design of new structures. Two emerging topological concepts, namely, the merged-net approach and net-coded building units, are highlighted for their potential in synthesizing intricate or multi-component MOFs. We also consider isoreticular design strategies for the modification, expansion and contraction of building blocks, and identify challenges and opportunities in the assembly of increasingly intricate frameworks.

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Fig. 1: Representative building blocks that can be reliably obtained.
Fig. 2: Transformations of the position of linking groups in organic linkers.
Fig. 3: The formation of fcu-MOFs through the MBB and the SBB approaches.
Fig. 4: Supermolecular building layers based on hexanuclear and nonanuclear clusters.
Fig. 5: Categories of edge-transitive nets.
Fig. 6: Type I edge-transitive nets for the discovery of new metal–organic framework structures.
Fig. 7: The concept of net-coded building units.
Fig. 8: Example metal–organic frameworks based on merged nets.
Fig. 9: Ratio constant for the isoreticular expansion of merged-net structures.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and thank V. Guillerm for helpful comments and suggestions.

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  1. Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Hao Jiang & Mohamed Eddaoudi

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Dalal Alezi

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Jiang, H., Alezi, D. & Eddaoudi, M. A reticular chemistry guide for the design of periodic solids. Nat Rev Mater 6, 466–487 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00287-y

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