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Interventions and public health nutrition

Validation of an easy questionnaire on the assessment of salt habit: the MINISAL-SIIA Study Program

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 73, pages 793–800 (2019)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Background/objectives

The aim of the present study was to validate a short questionnaire on habitual dietary salt intake, to quickly and easily identify individuals whose salt consumption exceeds recommended levels.

Subjects/methods

A total of 1131 hypertensive subjects participating in the MINISAL-SIIA study were included in the analysis. Anthropometric indexes, blood pressure, and 24-h urinary sodium excretion (NaU) were measured. A fixed-sequence questionnaire on dietary salt intake was administered.

Results

NaU was significantly associated with scores, with a linear association across categories (p for trend <0.0001). In addition, participants who achieved a total score above the median value (eight points) had significantly higher NaU than those whose score was below median (p < 0.0001). In the total sample, the prevalence of “high NaU” (NaU > 85 mmol/day) and “very high NaU” (NaU > 170 mmol/day) was 86 and 35%, respectively. The score of the questionnaire had a significant ability to detect both “high NaU”—with a specificity of 95% at the score of 10 points—and “very high NaU”—with a specificity of 99.6% at score of 13 points.

Conclusions

The main results of the study indicates that a higher score of this short questionnaire is distinctive of habitual high salt consumption in hypertensive patients.

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Acknowledgements

The MINISAL-SIIA is a working group of Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA) and part of the MINISAL-GIRCSI Program, funded by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ministero della Salute) Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CCM) within the framework of the Program Guadagnare Salute (coordinator, Dr. Daniela Galeone).

Author contributions

Conception and design: GF. Analysis and interpretation of the data: D’EL, GF. Drafting of the article: D’EL, MM, SP, GF. Final approval of the article: Minisal Group. Statistical expertise: D’EL, GF. Collection and assembly of data: D’EL, MM, GF.

MINISAL-SIIA Study Group

Coordinator: Galletti F., Collaborators: Agabiti-Rosei E., Arcangeli E., Artom A., Barbato A., Barbiero M., Belfiore A., Bernini G., Boero R., Berra E., Biggi A., Borgheresi P., Borghi C., Bosio A., Caiazza A., Caielli P., Caló L.A., Castellano M., Catena C., Cerrato F., Cilia C., Cipollini F., Crippa M., Cuspidi C., D’Elia L., D’Avino M., De Giorgi G.A., De Luca N., De Pergola G., Del Giudice A., Desideri G., Fallo F., Ferri C., Galeone D., Garavelli G., Gaudio G., Giacchetti G., Gidaro B., Giovannetti R., Grandi A., Guglielmi M., Iacoviello L., Leonardis D., Lonati C., Lonati L.M., Malatino L., Mallamaci F., Manfredi M., Maresca A.M., Marzano L., Massara C., Merletti L., Meschi M., Modesti S., Montanari A., Morganti A., Musiari L., Musso N., Nardecchia A., Nazzaro P., Pallisco O., Panichi V., Parati G., Pascale C., Pini C., Pirola I., Pucci G., Rabbia F., Rescaldani M., Ronchi E., Rossi E., Rossi G., Sala C., Sarzani R., Sechi L.A., Silvestris F., Stancanelli B., Strazzullo P., Trimarco B., Ungar A., Veglio F., Veronesi M., Vinella L.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, “Federico II” University of Naples Medical School, Naples, Italy

    L. D’Elia, M. Manfredi, P. Strazzullo & F. Galletti

  2. Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, “Federico II” University of Naples Medical School, Naples, Italy

    F. Galletti, A. Barbato, L. D’Elia, M. Manfredi & P. Strazzullo

  3. DPT di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

    E. Agabiti-Rosei, M. Castellano & I. Pirola

  4. Medicina Interna, Ambulatorio Specialistico dell’Ipertensione, Ospedale di Pistoia, Pistoia, Italy

    E. Arcangeli & F. Cipollini

  5. Medicina Interna, Ospedale Santa Corona, Pietra Ligure, SV, Italy

    A. Artom

  6. Clinica Medica ‘A. Murri’ Policlinico Consorziale, Università degli studi di Bari, Bari, Italy

    M. Barbiero & A. Belfiore

  7. DPT di Medicina Interna, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    G. Bernini

  8. S.C. Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale Martini, Torino, Italy

    R. Boero

  9. SCU Medicina Interna 4, Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, AO Città Salute e Scienza, Torino, Italy

    E. Berra, F. Rabbia & F. Veglio

  10. Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy

    A. Biggi, A. Montanari & L. Musiari

  11. Ospedale S. Donato, Arezzo, Italy

    P. Borgheresi

  12. U.O. di Medicina Interna Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Università degli studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    C. Borghi & M. Veronesi

  13. Medicina Interna, Ospedale Cottolengo, Torino, Italy

    A. Bosio, F. Cerrato, O. Pallisco & C. Pascale

  14. Azienda USL Parma, Presidio Ospedaliero di, Borgo Val di Taro, PR, Italy

    A. Caiazza & M. Meschi

  15. Clinica Medica 4, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy

    P. Caielli, L. A. Caló & G. Rossi

  16. Clinica Medica, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy

    C. Catena, L. Marzano & L. A. Sechi

  17. Clinica Medica e Centro Ipertensione, Università di Catania c/o Azienda Ospedaliera Cannizzaro, Catania, Italy

    C. Cilia, L. Malatino & B. Stancanelli

  18. Divisione di Medicina, Gardone Val Trompia, BS, Italy

    M. Crippa

  19. Centro Ricerche Cliniche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Università di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy

    C. Cuspidi

  20. Centro per la Diagnosi e la Terapia dell’Ipertensione Arteriosa, Azienda Ospedaliera Antonio Cardarelli, Napoli, Italy

    M. D’Avino

  21. Presidio Ospedaliero, Ospedale Vito Fazzi, Lecce, Italy

    G. A. De Giorgi

  22. DPT Medicina Clinica e Scienze Cardiovascolari, Università degli Studi Federico II, Napoli, Italy

    N. De Luca & B. Trimarco

  23. Oncologia Medica Universitaria, Azienda Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy

    G. De Pergola, A. Nardecchia & F. Silvestris

  24. Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy

    A. Del Giudice

  25. Centro di Ipertensione Arteriosa e Prevenzione Cardiovascolare, P.O. S. Rinaldi, Pescina, AQ, Italy

    G. Desideri

  26. Dipartimento di Medicina, Padova, Italy

    F. Fallo

  27. Divisione di Medicina Interna, Università dell’Aquila, Ospedale San Salvatore, L’Aquila, AQ, Italy

    C. Ferri

  28. Dipartimento della Prevenzione e della Comunicazione, Ministero della Salute, Roma, Italy

    D. Galeone

  29. Centro Ipertensione, Azienda Ospedaliera di Cremona, Cremona, Italy

    G. Garavelli

  30. Dipartimenti di Medicina, Ospedale Bellini, Somma Lombarda (VA), L’Aquila, AQ, Italy

    G. Gaudio

  31. Clinica di Endocrinologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria ‘Ospedali Riuniti’, Ancona, Italy

    G. Giacchetti

  32. Unità Operativa di Medicina Interna e Centro Ipertensione Arteriosa Ospedale San Giuseppe, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy

    B. Gidaro, C. Lonati & A. Morganti

  33. Unità operativa Medicina Interna, Ospedale Civile di Pescia, Pescia, PT, Italy

    R. Giovannetti

  34. Centro per la Diagnosi e Terapia dell’Ipertensione Arteriosa, AO di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy

    A. Grandi, A. M. Maresca & L. Merletti

  35. Centro Diagnosi e Cura Ipertensione Arteriosa, Casa di cura Tortorella, Salerno, Italy

    M. Guglielmi

  36. Università Cattolica di Campobasso, Campobasso, Italy

    L. Iacoviello

  37. CNR-IBIM, Epidemiologia Clinica e Fisiopatologia delle malattie Renali e dell’Ipertensione Arteriosa, Reggio Calabria, Italy

    D. Leonardis & F. Mallamaci

  38. DPT di Cardiologia, Ospedale San Luca, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy

    L. M. Lonati & G. Parati

  39. Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale San Giovanni Bosco, Torino, Italy

    C. Massara

  40. Medicina Interna, Ospedale Regionale U. Parini, Aosta, AO, Italy

    S. Modesti

  41. Medicina Interna, Ospedale S. Martino, Genova, Italy

    N. Musso

  42. Dipartimento di Scienze mediche di base, neuroscienze ed organi di senso, Università “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy

    P. Nazzaro

  43. U.O. Nefrologia, Ospedale Versilia, Lido di Camaiore, LU, Italy

    V. Panichi

  44. Centro Ipertensione, Ospedale Sant’Anna, Como, Italy

    C. Pini

  45. Medicina Interna, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Terni, Terni, Italy

    G. Pucci

  46. Cardiovascular Unit, Fondazione Policlinico di Milano and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy

    M. Rescaldani & C. Sala

  47. Ospedale di Casorate Primo, Pavia, Italy

    E. Ronchi

  48. Medicina 2, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Nuova di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    E. Rossi

  49. Clinica di Medicina Interna, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria ‘Ospedali Riuniti’, Ancona, Italy

    R. Sarzani

  50. SOD Cardiologia e Medicina Geriatrica, Firenze, Italy

    A. Ungar

  51. Ospedale S. Maria degli Angeli, Putignano, BA, Italy

    L. Vinella

Authors
  1. L. D’Elia
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  2. M. Manfredi
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  3. P. Strazzullo
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  4. F. Galletti
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Consortia

on behalf of the MINISAL-SIIA Study Group

  • F. Galletti
  • , E. Agabiti-Rosei
  • , E. Arcangeli
  • , A. Artom
  • , A. Barbato
  • , M. Barbiero
  • , A. Belfiore
  • , G. Bernini
  • , R. Boero
  • , E. Berra
  • , A. Biggi
  • , P. Borgheresi
  • , C. Borghi
  • , A. Bosio
  • , A. Caiazza
  • , P. Caielli
  • , L. A. Caló
  • , M. Castellano
  • , C. Catena
  • , F. Cerrato
  • , C. Cilia
  • , F. Cipollini
  • , M. Crippa
  • , C. Cuspidi
  • , L. D’Elia
  • , M. D’Avino
  • , G. A. De Giorgi
  • , N. De Luca
  • , G. De Pergola
  • , A. Del Giudice
  • , G. Desideri
  • , F. Fallo
  • , C. Ferri
  • , D. Galeone
  • , G. Garavelli
  • , G. Gaudio
  • , G. Giacchetti
  • , B. Gidaro
  • , R. Giovannetti
  • , A. Grandi
  • , M. Guglielmi
  • , L. Iacoviello
  • , D. Leonardis
  • , C. Lonati
  • , L. M. Lonati
  • , L. Malatino
  • , F. Mallamaci
  • , M. Manfredi
  • , A. M. Maresca
  • , L. Marzano
  • , C. Massara
  • , L. Merletti
  • , M. Meschi
  • , S. Modesti
  • , A. Montanari
  • , A. Morganti
  • , L. Musiari
  • , N. Musso
  • , A. Nardecchia
  • , P. Nazzaro
  • , O. Pallisco
  • , V. Panichi
  • , G. Parati
  • , C. Pascale
  • , C. Pini
  • , I. Pirola
  • , G. Pucci
  • , F. Rabbia
  • , M. Rescaldani
  • , E. Ronchi
  • , E. Rossi
  • , G. Rossi
  • , C. Sala
  • , R. Sarzani
  • , L. A. Sechi
  • , F. Silvestris
  • , B. Stancanelli
  • , P. Strazzullo
  • , B. Trimarco
  • , A. Ungar
  • , F. Veglio
  • , M. Veronesi
  •  & L. Vinella

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. Galletti.

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Conflict of interest

GF is member of the advisory board of the Italian Society of Hypertension. SP is President of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, Scientific Coordinator of the Interdisciplinary Working Group for Reduction of Salt Intake in Italy (GIRCSI), member of the committee for the preparation of the Italian Nutritional Guidelines and an unpaid member of WASH (World Action in Salt and Health). The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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D’Elia, L., Manfredi, M., Strazzullo, P. et al. Validation of an easy questionnaire on the assessment of salt habit: the MINISAL-SIIA Study Program. Eur J Clin Nutr 73, 793–800 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0204-0

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