Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor characterized by a highly heterogeneous and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The symbiotic interactions between glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the TME are critical for tumor progression. Here, we identified that IFI35, a transcriptional regulatory factor, plays both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic roles in maintaining GSCs and the immunosuppressive TME. IFI35 induced non-canonical NF-kB signaling through proteasomal processing of p105 to the DNA-binding transcription factor p50, which heterodimerizes with RELB (RELB/p50), and activated cell chemotaxis in a cell-autonomous manner. Further, IFI35 induced recruitment and maintenance of M2-like TAMs in TME in a paracrine manner. Targeting IFI35 effectively suppressed in vivo tumor growth and prolonged survival of orthotopic xenograft-bearing mice. Collectively, these findings reveal the tumor-promoting functions of IFI35 and suggest that targeting IFI35 or its downstream effectors may provide effective approaches to improve GBM treatment.
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Data availability
RNA-seq (GSE242225), ATAC-seq (GSE242570), and single-cell RNA-seq (GSE141383, GSE117891) data generated for this study are available in Gene Expression Omnibus Database (GEO). All data accessed from external sources and prior publications have been referenced in the text and corresponding figure legends. Additional data will be made available upon request.
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82072779 to XXW, 82172667 to XFW) and Jiangsu Provincial Key Research Development Program of China (BE2022770 to YC).
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XXW, QZ, JNR, and KY conceptualized and supervised the study. DL, XFW, KC, DS conducted most of the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared the figures and contributed to the original paper preparation, review, and editing. GC, WY, QL, CL performed the data analysis and bioinformatics analysis under the supervision of ZS, XF, QW, and WG; DG, HY, JG, YL, TK, JY, HY, and KS interpreted the data. ZZ, JM, QW, FL, WT, SCM, YC, JZ, CL, NZ, YY, and XQ commented on the study, RCG and DD revised the manuscript and supervised the work. All authors discussed the results and approved submission of the manuscript.
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All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC-2006033-2) at Nanjing Medical University in accordance with NIH and institutional guidelines. Human fresh tumor samples were obtained with informed consent of patients, and all experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the recognized ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (2021-SR-076).
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Li, D., Wang, X., Chen, K. et al. IFI35 regulates non-canonical NF-κB signaling to maintain glioblastoma stem cells and recruit tumor-associated macrophages. Cell Death Differ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-024-01292-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-024-01292-8
