Abstract
Fallopian tubal epithelium is a candidate for the origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Transferrin-containing follicular fluid and/or retrograde menstrual blood are possible risk factors for carcinogenesis. Accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSBs) in the fallopian tubal epithelium is considered to play an important role in the development of cancer. However, the mechanisms by which DNA-DSBs accumulate have not yet been fully elucidated. The hydroxyl radical, which is produced in a Fenton reaction catalyzed by an iron ion, serves as a potent DNA-DSB-inducing molecule, raising the potential of an iron ion transporter of transferrin in the formation of DNA-DSBs. We studied the potential involvement of transferrin in DNA damage and the development of ovarian cancer. Treatment with transferrin facilitated the formation of histone 2AX phosphorylated at Serine 139 (γH2AX), which is known as a DNA-DSB marker, in human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells and A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Knockdown of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), but not transferrin receptor 2, suppressed the transferrin uptake and consequent formation of γH2AX. As hydroxyl radicals in reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in DNA-DSBs, the formation of ROS was determined. Treatment with TfR1-specific small interference RNAs significantly diminished transferrin-induced formation of ROS. Moreover, TfR1-dependent uptake of transferrin was revealed to augment the formation of DNA-DSBs in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which served as a substrate for the Fenton reaction. An ex vivo study with murine fallopian tubes further demonstrated that transferrin treatment introduced DNA-DSBs in the fallopian tubal epithelium. Collectively, these data suggested that the transferrin-TfR1 axis accounts for the induction of DNA-DSBs that potentially lead to DNA damage/genome instability. These findings also suggested that exposure to transferrin initiates and promotes the development of ovarian cancer by aiding the accumulation of DNA-DSBs in the fallopian tubal epithelium.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 50 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $5.18 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Smigal C et al. Cancer Statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006; 56: 106–130.
Modugno F, Edwards RP . Ovarian cancer: prevention, detection, and treatment of the disease and its recurrence. Molecular mechanisms and personalized medicine meeting report. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: S45–S57.
Shih IeM, Kurman RJ . Ovarian tumorigenesis: a proposed model based on morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Am J Pathol 2004; 164: 1511–1518.
Cancer Genome Atlas Research N. Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature 2011; 474: 609–615.
Bowtell DD . The genesis and evolution of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10: 803–808.
Chen EY, Mehra K, Mehrad M, Ning G, Miron A, Mutter GL et al. Secretory cell outgrowth, PAX2 and serous carcinogenesis in the Fallopian tube. J Pathol 2010; 222: 110–116.
Kurman RJ, Shih IeM . The origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer: a proposed unifying theory. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 433–443.
Kurman RJ, Shih IeM . Molecular pathogenesis and extraovarian origin of epithelial ovarian cancer—shifting the paradigm. Hum Pathol 2011; 42: 918–931.
Lee Y, Miron A, Drapkin R, Nucci MR, Medeiros F, Saleemuddin A et al. A candidate precursor to serous carcinoma that originates in the distal fallopian tube. J Pathol 2007; 211: 26–35.
Folkins AK, Jarboe EA, Saleemuddin A, Lee Y, Callahan MJ, Drapkin R et al. A candidate precursor to pelvic serous cancer (p53 signature) and its prevalence in ovaries and fallopian tubes from women with BRCA mutations. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109: 168–173.
Falconer H, Yin L, Gronberg H, Altman D . Ovarian cancer risk after salpingectomy: a nationwide population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107 (in press).
Madsen C, Baandrup L, Dehlendorff C, Kjaer SK . Tubal ligation and salpingectomy and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer and borderline ovarian tumors: a nationwide case-control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94: 86–94.
Rogakou EP, Pilch DR, Orr AH, Ivanova VS, Bonner WM . DNA double-stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serine 139. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 5858–5868.
Garcia-Canton C, Anadon A, Meredith C . GammaH2AX as a novel endpoint to detect DNA damage: applications for the assessment of the in vitro genotoxicity of cigarette smoke. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26: 1075–1086.
Khanna KK, Jackson SP . DNA double-strand breaks: signaling, repair and the cancer connection. Nat Genet 2001; 27: 247–254.
Bartkova J, Horejsi Z, Koed K, Kramer A, Tort F, Zieger K et al. DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Nature 2005; 434: 864–870.
Gorgoulis VG, Vassiliou LV, Karakaidos P, Zacharatos P, Kotsinas A, Liloglou T et al. Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions. Nature 2005; 434: 907–913.
Dizdaroglu M, Jaruga P, Birincioglu M, Rodriguez H . Free radical-induced damage to DNA: mechanisms and measurement. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32: 1102–1115.
Meneghini R . Iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 23: 783–792.
Ponka P, Lok CN . The transferrin receptor: role in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31: 1111–1137.
Narod SA, Sun P, Ghadirian P, Lynch H, Isaacs C, Garber J et al. Tubal ligation and risk of ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: a case-control study. Lancet 2001; 357: 1467–1470.
Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, Lowery WJ, Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP et al. Oral contraceptive pills as primary prevention for ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122: 139–147.
Cannistra SA . Cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1550–1559.
Vercellini P, Crosignani P, Somigliana E, Vigano P, Buggio L, Bolis G et al. The 'incessant menstruation' hypothesis: a mechanistic ovarian cancer model with implications for prevention. Hum Reprod 2011; 26: 2262–2273.
Casagrande JT, Louie EW, Pike MC, Roy S, Ross RK, Henderson BE . ‘Incessant ovulation’ and ovarian cancer. Lancet 1979; 314: 170–173.
Fathalla MF . Incessant ovulation—a factor in ovarian neoplasia? Lancet 1971; 298: 163.
Bahar-Shany K, Brand H, Sapoznik S, Jacob-Hirsch J, Yung Y, Korach J et al. Exposure of fallopian tube epithelium to follicular fluid mimics carcinogenic changes in precursor lesions of serous papillary carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 132: 322–327.
Elizur SE, Lebovitz O, Orvieto R, Dor J, Zan-Bar T . Reactive oxygen species in follicular fluid may serve as biochemical markers to determine ovarian aging and follicular metabolic age. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30: 705–707.
Briggs DA, Sharp DJ, Miller D, Gosden RG . Transferrin in the developing ovarian follicle: evidence for de-novo expression by granulosa cells. Mol Hum Reprod 1999; 5: 1107–1114.
Entman SS, Maxson WS, Bradley CA, Osteen K, Webster BW, Vaughn WK et al. Follicular fluid transferrin levels in preovulatory human follicles. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1987; 4: 98–102.
Karst AM, Drapkin R . Primary culture and immortalization of human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells. Nat Protoc 2012; 7: 1755–1764.
Kawabata H, Yang R, Hirama T, Vuong PT, Kawano S, Gombart AF et al. Molecular cloning of transferrin receptor 2. A new member of the transferrin receptor-like family. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 20826–20832.
Calzolari A, Oliviero I, Deaglio S, Mariani G, Biffoni M, Sposi NM et al. Transferrin receptor 2 is frequently expressed in human cancer cell lines. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 39: 82–91.
Hennet ML, Yu HY, Combelles CM . Follicular fluid hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide in bovine antral follicles of various size, atresia, and dominance status. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30: 333–340.
Gupta S, Choi A, Yu HY, Czerniak SM, Holick EA, Paolella LJ et al. Fluctuations in total antioxidant capacity, catalase activity and hydrogen peroxide levels of follicular fluid during bovine folliculogenesis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23: 673–680.
Pra D, Franke SI, Henriques JA, Fenech M . Iron and genome stability: an update. Mutat Res 2012; 733: 92–99.
Herbison CE, Thorstensen K, Chua AC, Graham RM, Leedman P, Olynyk JK et al. The role of transferrin receptor 1 and 2 in transferrin-bound iron uptake in human hepatoma cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297: C1567–C1575.
West AP Jr, Bennett MJ, Sellers VM, Andrews NC, Enns CA, Bjorkman PJ . Comparison of the interactions of transferrin receptor and transferrin receptor 2 with transferrin and the hereditary hemochromatosis protein HFE. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 38135–38138.
Nascimento AL, Meneghini R . Cells transfected with transferrin receptor cDNA lacking the iron regulatory domain become more sensitive to the DNA-damaging action of oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 1335–1338.
Lau A, Kollara A, St John E, Tone AA, Virtanen C, Greenblatt EM et al. Altered expression of inflammation-associated genes in oviductal cells following follicular fluid exposure: implications for ovarian carcinogenesis. Exp Biol Med 2014; 239: 24–32.
Federico A, Morgillo F, Tuccillo C, Ciardiello F, Loguercio C . Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2381–2386.
Ohshima H, Tatemichi M, Sawa T . Chemical basis of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 417: 3–11.
Sabatini L, Wilson C, Lower A, Al-Shawaf T, Grudzinskas JG . Superoxide dismutase activity in human follicular fluid after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 1027–1034.
Carbone MC, Tatone C, Monache SD, Marci R, Caserta D, Colonna R et al. Antioxidant enzymatic defences in human follicular fluid: characterization and age‐dependent changes. Mol Hum Reprod 2003; 9: 639–643.
Oyawoye O, Abdel Gadir A, Garner A, Constantinovici N, Perrett C, Hardiman P . Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF: relationship to outcome. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 2270–2274.
Levanon K, Ng V, Piao HY, Zhang Y, Chang MC, Roh MH et al. Primary ex vivo cultures of human fallopian tube epithelium as a model for serous ovarian carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2010; 29: 1103–1113.
Shaw PA, Rouzbahman M, Pizer ES, Pintilie M, Begley H . Candidate serous cancer precursors in fallopian tube epithelium of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Mod Pathol 2009; 22: 1133–1138.
Squires S, Coates JA, Goldberg M, Toji LH, Jackson SP, Clarke DJ et al. p53 prevents the accumulation of double-strand DNA breaks at stalled-replication forks induced by UV in human cells. Cell Cycle 2004; 3: 1543–1557.
Kumari A, Schultz N, Helleday T . p53 protects from replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Oncogene 2004; 23: 2324–2329.
Fridlich R, Annamalai D, Roy R, Bernheim G, Powell SN . BRCA1 and BRCA2 protect against oxidative DNA damage converted into double-strand breaks during DNA replication. DNA Repair 2015; 30: 11–20.
Takabayashi H, Wakai T, Ajioka Y, Korita PV, Yamaguchi N . Alteration of the DNA damage response in colorectal tumor progression. Hum Pathol 2013; 44: 1038–1046.
Mashiko S, Kitatani K, Toyoshima M, Ichimura A, Dan T, Usui T et al. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a potential therapeutic strategy in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16: 253–260.
Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW . NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 2012; 9: 671–675.
Acknowledgements
We thank Drs Ronny Drapkin and Alison M Karst for kindly providing FTSECs established in their laboratory. This study was supported in part by the JSPS KAKENHI Grants (23791801 and 26462509 to MT, 23790366, 26861304 and 40539235 to KK, 24390375 and 26670710 to NY), a Health Labor Sciences Research Grant (201221019A to NY), the Kurokawa Cancer Research Foundation (MT), the Japan Society of Gynecologic Oncology (MT), the Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research (MT) and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (MT).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on the Oncogene website
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shigeta, S., Toyoshima, M., Kitatani, K. et al. Transferrin facilitates the formation of DNA double-strand breaks via transferrin receptor 1: the possible involvement of transferrin in carcinogenesis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncogene 35, 3577–3586 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2015.425
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2015.425
This article is cited by
-
Nephrotoxicity Profile of Cadmium Revealed by Proteomics in Mouse Kidney
Biological Trace Element Research (2021)
-
Ovarian BDNF promotes survival, migration, and attachment of tumor precursors originated from p53 mutant fallopian tube epithelial cells
Oncogenesis (2020)
-
Malignant Transformation and Associated Biomarkers of Ovarian Endometriosis: A Narrative Review
Advances in Therapy (2020)
-
Chronic iron exposure and c-Myc/H-ras-mediated transformation in fallopian tube cells alter the expression of EVI1, amplified at 3q26.2 in ovarian cancer
Oncogenesis (2019)
-
Tyrosine kinase receptor TIE-1 mediates platinum resistance by promoting nucleotide excision repair in ovarian cancer
Scientific Reports (2018)