A restrospective analysis of men with a serum PSA of 2.5–10 ng/ml and a previous negative diagnosis of prostate cancer following analysis of a biopsy sample has revealed that patients with both mild and moderate or marked prostate atrophy have a significantly lower risk of prostate cancer compared with that of patients with no prostate atrophy. This association was observed after follow-up durations of both 2 years and 4 years.