A humoral response to mismatched HLA antigens is an important contributor to chronic allograft injury (CAI). However, a panel of non-HLA antibodies that correlate with CAI have now been identified and validated in renal transplant recipients. The researchers say that measuring pretransplant serum levels of antibodies to CXCL9, CXCL11, IFN-γ and glial-derived neurotrophic factor could be used to stratify risk of developing CAI.