The presence of persistent asymptomatic isolated microscopic hematuria in adolescents and young adults is associated with a significant increase in the risk of treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the following 22 years, say researchers in Israel. Vivante et al. used medical data from 1,203,626 individuals aged 16–25 years who were examined for fitness for military service between 1975 and 1997; the data were linked with data from the Israeli treated ESRD registry.