Wu et al. identified nine new oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility loci in their genome-wide association study (2,031 cases and 2,044 controls, with validation in 8,092 cases and 8,620 controls). Seven loci had a significant but marginal effect; risk associated with variants at the 4q23 locus also had a significant interaction with alcohol use. Two loci (at 2q22 and 13q33) had a significant association only in a gene–alcohol drinking interaction.